The Education Bill of 1906 and the Decline of Political Nonconformity

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel J. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Political ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Liberal Party ◽  
Significant Aspect ◽  
Late Nineteenth

The early years of the twentieth century prior to the outbreak of World War I have been described as a period in which the Liberal Party was in a state of decline. One significant aspect of this decline was the deterioration of what in the late nineteenth century has been labelled as political nonconformity. Gladstone's statement that Nonconformists supplied the backbone of British Liberalism perhaps best symbolises the political significance of this group for the vitality of the Liberal Party.

A Perverted Balance: Modern Salafism between Reform and Jihād*

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itzchak Weismann
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
World War ◽  
Religious Intellectuals ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Late Ottoman ◽  
Muslim Brothers

This article argues that there are structural affinities and continuities between the late nineteenth-century modernist reformers and today’s quietist, political, and jihādī Salafī factions. Salafism refers to the basic theological-ideological formation that postulates a return to pristine Islam to overcome tradition and bring regeneration. The Salafī balance between authenticity and modernization promoted by enlightened religious intellectuals in the late Ottoman period was shattered by the events of World War I and its aftermath. This resulted in its bifurcation between conservatives, who adopted literalist and xenophobic Wahhābī positions, and modernists, primarily the Muslim Brothers, who employed innovative means in their religio-political struggle to re-Islamize society and oust colonialism. The Salafī balance was reconstructed after independence on new, unenlightened lines in the Saudi Islamic Awakening (al-Ṣaḥwa al-Islāmiyya), which combined the erstwhile rigorous Wahhābī teachings with radicalized Islamism. Global jihādī-Salafism completed the perversion of the modernist Salafī balance by reducing the authentic way of the salaf to excommunication and violence and by using the most modern means in its war against both Westerners and indigenous Muslim governments.


scholarly journals THE NIŠ COOPERATIVE: 1921‒1947

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-205
Author(s):  
DEJAN D. ANTIĆ ◽  
IVAN M. BECIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Board Of Directors ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Banking Services ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Privately Owned

Numerous local monetary bureaus owned by shareholders were established in the Kingdom of Serbia in the late nineteenth century. Many of these institutions, such as the Niš Cooperative, not only engaged in banking services but also owned industrial and trade companies. Economic circumstances changed so significantly after World War I that bank managements often were unable to cope with them. The Niš Cooperative was an example of a stable yet not particularly powerful monetary bureau whose reputation depended on the leading members of its Board of Directors. Unlike most other monetary bureaus, the Niš Cooperative continued operating after World War II up until privately-owned monetary bureaus were closed by the socialist Yugoslav government.

‘Independence, Dependence, and Interdependence Day’

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter D. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
The Political ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
Political Thinking ◽  
Finnegans Wake ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter begins by reflecting on various reactions Joyce’s Finnegans Wake provoked during its long gestation, looking in detail at H. G. Wells, T. S. Eliot, Eugene Jolas, and C. K. Ogden. After explaining why it is important to consider the Wake’s place in intellectual history, it focuses on three traditions from which Joyce derived inspiration: the political thinking of the late nineteenth century, reflected in the writings of the Russian anarchist Léon Metchnikoff (1838–88); the linguistic thinking of the early twentieth century, as manifest in the work of the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen (1860–1943); and the philosophical thinking also of the early twentieth century, associated with the Austro-Hungarian journalist, novelist, and philosopher Fritz Mauthner (1849–1923). The chapter concludes by considering the Wake’s various lessons in reading, the centrality it accords to writing, and the bearing this has on how we think about language, culture, community, and the state.

scholarly journals French Workers and the Temperance Movement

1980 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Prestwich
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
World War I ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Temperance Movement ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Academie Francaise ◽  
Social Reformers

In 1852, when the medical discoverer of alcoholism, Magnus Huss, was being honoured by the Académie française, a spokesman for the Académie wrote that “France has many drunkards, but happily, no alcoholics.” Sixty years later, on the eve of World War I, if one is to believe the reports of parliamentary commissions, economists, hygienists and social reformers, France had few drunks but a plethora of alcoholics, from the Breton peasant who fed calvados to his children to the worker of Paris and the Midi who had abandoned wine, that “natural and hygienic drink”, for the evils of mass-produced industrial alcohol, especially absinthe. By 1914, alcoholism was considered one of the three grands fléaux, or great plagues, that had struck France in the late nineteenth century, and it was blamed for all the ills of society, from a rising rate of criminality, suicide and mental illness to depopulation, revolutionary worker movements and even feminism. Alcoholism was, therefore, not just an individual misfortune, but a national tragedy. It had become, in the words of Clemenceau, “the whole social problem” and as such required the mobilized forces of the country to conquer it.

Financial Integration in Late Nineteenth-Century Austria

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 890-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Good
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Financial Integration ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The U.S

The process of financial integration has been charted in several studies of the late nineteenth-century U.S. economy but lacks comparable documentation in a European case. This gap is filled through an examination of interregional interest rate trends in the pre-World War I Austrian economy. The Austrian data show a marked trend toward rate convergence beginning in the 1870s. These results are significant for the U.S. case and for the long standing debate on the economic viability of the Habsburg Monarchy before World War I and of the successor states in the interwar period.

scholarly journals ‘An incredibly vile sport’: Campaigns against Otter Hunting in Britain, 1900–39

Rural History ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL ALLEN ◽  
CHARLES WATKINS ◽  
DAVID MATLESS
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Association ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
A Minor

AbstractOtter hunting was a minor field sport in Britain but in the early years of the twentieth century a lively campaign to ban it was orchestrated by several individuals and anti-hunting societies. The sport became increasingly popular in the late nineteenth century and the Edwardian period. This paper examines the arguments and methods used in different anti-otter hunting campaigns 1900–1939 by organisations such as the Humanitarian League, the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports and the National Association for the Abolition of Cruel Sports.

scholarly journals Interwar Japan, Institutional Change, and the Choice of Austerity

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
World War I ◽  
Institutional Change ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Late Nineteenth

AbstractIn interwar Japan the gold standard became conflated with austerity but, historically, there had been no such connection in Japan. Nineteenth and twentieth century British rhetoric made the gold standard an adjunct of deflation, but that was a British fixation, not Japanese. In addition to being highly political, this late-nineteenth century understanding and use of the gold standard was based on, and promoted, expansionary monetary policy and long-term development. In the interwar period this changed. Japanese governments chose austerity under the guise of complying with international rules and standards and turned the expansionary gold standard of the pre-World War I years into a deflationary system of austerity, depression, and, ultimately, nationalist reaction.

Building the “World's Pharmacy”: The Rise of the German Pharmaceutical Industry, 1871–1914

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Cramer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
World War I ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Research Intensity ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Product Portfolios

The German pharmaceutical industry dominated global drug creation from the late nineteenth century to World War I. Most of the industry's products were based on extensive scientific research. However, the research intensity of products varied across companies and intensified over time. A main contribution of this article is thus to identify different groups of firms within the industry and provide an analysis of their product portfolios before 1914. This essay embeds scientific developments in a coevolutionary framework of science, firms, and institutions and shows that the industry's research capabilities were complemented by other important factors for corporate success.

The Influence of Jacob Boehme on Russian Religious Thought

Slavic Review ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdenek V. David
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Patristic Literature ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Russian Religious Thought

In the eighteenth and more particularly in the nineteenth century, Russia enjoyed a reputation for unusually strong currents of religious spirituality. Most frequently these mystical currents have been traced to peculiarly native traditions, such as the Eastern patristic literature and the “naturally” mystical bent of the Russian mind. The influence of Western mysticism has been minimized, if not entirely overlooked. Actually, Western mysticism and theosophy were eagerly absorbed in Russia by religiously oriented thinkers from the reign of Peter the Great on into the era of romanticism in the early nineteenth century. Finally, Western mystical sources provided the chief inspiration for the leading theologian and philosopher in late nineteenth-century Russia, Vladimir Soloviëv (1853-1900), whose thought in turn had a decisive impact on the intellectual currents of the so-called Silver Age of Russian culture before World War I.

Maria Bach

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecelia Hopkins Porter
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Artistic Heritage

This chapter looks into the life of Baroness Maria Bach (1896–1978), her promising professional future, and her lifelong struggle to attract renown and respect as a “serious” woman composer. Born into Austria's late-nineteenth-century privileged “aristocracy”—the affluent upper middle class—the Viennese composer and pianist prided herself on her intellectual and artistic heritage. Her birth in 1896 set her solidly within the imperial capital's golden age—that brilliant constellation of the arts known as Viennese modernism. From the last decade of the nineteenth century to World War I, fin-de-siècle Vienna was a cultural mecca unequaled anywhere else in central Europe.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document