The Distribution of the Income in the Great Depression: Preliminary State Estimates

1983 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Schmitz ◽  
Price V. Fishback
Keyword(s):  
Great Depression ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
State Level ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Per Capita

State-level estimates of income shares for the top one and five percent of the population are presented for 1929, 1933, and 1939. Significant cross-sectional variation is found in 1929, but the range narrows as the shares fall dramatically to 1933. Analysis indicates that property incomes influence the shares but provides little evidence of a tradeoff between per capita income and inequality as measured by the shares.

scholarly journals Regional Integration: Do Intra-African Trade and Migration Improve Income in Africa?

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 587-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blaise Gnimassoun
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Impact

Regional integration in Africa is a subject of great interest, but its impact on income has not been studied sufficiently. Using cross-sectional and panel estimations, this article examines the impact of African integration on real per capita income in Africa. Accordingly, we consider intra-African trade and migration flows as quantitative measures reflecting the intensity of regional integration. To address the endogeneity concerns, we use a gravity-based, two-stage least-squares strategy. Our results show that, from a long-term perspective, African integration has not been strong enough to generate a positive, significant, and robust impact on real per capita income in Africa. However, it does appear to be significantly income-enhancing in the short and medium terms but only through intercountry migration. These results are robust to a wide range of specifications.

scholarly journals Sociodemographic Correlates of Obesity among Spanish Schoolchildren: A Cross-Sectional Study

Children ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
José Francisco López-Gil ◽  
Alba López-Benavente ◽  
Pedro Juan Tárraga López ◽  
Juan Luis Yuste Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Immigrant Status ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Per Capita

Some studies have been conducted in order to assess the association between weight status (assessed by body mass index) and socio-demographic factors. Nevertheless, only a few of them have indicated these associations by other anthropometric parameters (e.g., skinfolds). The aim of this study was to determine, compare, and examine the influence of age, sex, type of the schooling, per capita income, area of residence, and immigrant status on obesity parameters in schoolchildren aged 6–13 from the Region of Murcia. A cross-sectional study was carried out in six different Primary schools of the Region of Murcia (Spain). A total sample of 370 children (166 girls) aged 6–13 (8.7 ± 1.8) were selected. In order to determine participants’ body composition, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and skinfold measurements were calculated. Higher associations of excess of weight (OR = 1.96; 95%CI = 1.19–3.20) and abdominal obesity (OR = 3.12; 95CI% = 1.49–6.94) were shown in the case of children from public schools. A greater association of high trunk fat mass was found in children from municipalities with high per capita income (OR = 3.20; 95%CI = 1.05–9.77). Therefore, lower association of having an inadequate %BF was found in the participants aged 6–9 (OR = 0.38; 95%CI = 0.24–0.54), and immigrant students (OR = 2.63; 95%CI = 1.69–4.10). Our study suggested that overweight/obesity among schoolchildren in the Region of Murcia is higher than the overall prevalence of Spain. The results of the adjusted analyses showed that age, type of schooling, per capita income, and immigrant status were associated with obesity parameters.

scholarly journals Path analysis of skin cancer preventive behaviors in rural women based on protection motivation theory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdol-Hossain Kaviani ◽  
Mahboobeh Khorsandi ◽  
Nasrin Roozbahani
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Protection Motivation Theory ◽  
Protection Motivation ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Preventive Behaviors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Background: Determining factors affecting adopting preventive behaviors of skin cancer is helpful in designing interventions promoting these behaviors. The present study was conducted aimed to analyze preventive behaviors’ path of skin cancer in rural women based on protection motivation theory. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 230 rural women in the west of Iran were selected randomly. Data were collected by a valid and reliable questionnaire including demographic information and structures of protection motivation theory by interview with rural women and then analyzed using SPSS 22 and LISREL8.8. Results: In relation with skin cancer preventive behaviors, 27.8% of women were dressed up when working under the sun, 21.7% used sunscreen cream, 5.7% wore cap and 4.8 wore gloves and sunglasses. Protection motivation theory and per capita income explained 76% of motivation variance and 25% of the variance of skin cancer preventive behaviors. Response efficacy structure was the strongest predictor of the motivation of protection (0/001> p, ß= -0.44) and per capita income (0/001> p, ß= -0.34) and motivation (0/001> p, ß= -0.33) were the strongest predictors of these behaviors. Conclusions: This study showed that protection motivation theory is efficient in predicting preventive behaviors of skin cancer and promoting interventions of the behaviors can be designed and implemented by this theory. It is also necessary to perform proper planning in promoting these behaviors in people with low per capita income.

scholarly journals Income and Unemployment Are Associated with Proportion of Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative Facilities in US States (OR30-01-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Benjamin-Neelon ◽  
Sarah Gonzalez-Nahm ◽  
Brian Neelon
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
State Level ◽  
Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
American Hospital ◽  
Us States ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Objectives The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) is a global effort designed to enhance the health of mothers and their newborn infants by protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding. Evidence has shown that BFHI hospitals can help reduce disparities in breastfeeding rates—especially in low-income communities. We aimed to evaluate the geographic distribution of BFHI hospitals, considering the socioeconomic factors of income and unemployment in the US. Methods We considered all hospitals within each state. We categorized hospitals as having the BFHI designation (“established”), being on the formal path to obtaining this designation (“emerging”), and not having the designation. We obtained a list of hospitals from the American Hospital Association's annual survey and information on BFHI designation from Baby-Friendly USA. We further obtained state-level employment and income information from census data and ranked states into quintiles for each variable. We then conducted separate one-way analysis of variance tests to compare the mean % of BFHI hospitals and mean state-level 1) per capita income, and 2) unemployment rates separated into quintiles. We examined all BFHI hospitals that were established and emerging separately. Finally, we created maps using ArcGIS, overlaying the location of all hospitals on the socioeconomic data. Results Our sample included 2,589 hospitals from all US states and the District of Columbia. Of those, 519 were established BFHI hospitals (Figure 1) and 298 were emerging (Figure 2). We found that higher unemployment was associated with a greater percentage of emerging but not established BFHI hospitals were present in states in the highest quintile for unemployment (P = 0.01). Similarly for income, we observed a greater percentage of emerging BFHI hospitals in states with both the lowest and highest quintiles of per-capita income (P = 0.003). Conclusions Emerging BFHI hospitals were present at a higher percentage in states in the highest quintile for unemployment and the lowest quintile for income. These emerging hospitals are on the pathway to achieving the BFHI designation, which may ultimately help reduce socioeconomic disparities in breastfeeding. Interestingly, states in the highest quintile for income also had a high percentage of emerging BFHI hospitals. Funding Sources W.K. Kellogg Foundation. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

Geo-epidemiology and socioeconomic aspects of human sporotrichosis in the municipality of Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 2007 and 2016

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia L C Alzuguir ◽  
Sandro A Pereira ◽  
Mônica A F M Magalhães ◽  
Rodrigo Almeida-Paes ◽  
Dayvison F S Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
The State ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Sporothrix Brasiliensis ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Prevalent Species

Abstract Background Sporotrichosis is usually caused by the traumatic inoculation of pathogenic species of fungi of the genus Sporothrix. The most prevalent species in Brazil is Sporothrix brasiliensis, which is generally associated with transmission involving infected cats. Sporotrichosis is hyperendemic in the state of Rio de Janeiro and Duque de Caxias is one of the most affected municipalities. Methods This was a cross-sectional, geo-epidemiological and socioeconomic study of human sporotrichosis in the municipality of Duque de Caxias using geoprocessing information for the construction of thematic maps. Results Eight hundred and twenty-seven cases of sporotrichosis from Duque de Caxias were reported between 2007 and 2016, most of them in women from 25-59 years. The most affected areas had low per capita income and scarce supply of treated water. Human sporotrichosis expanded throughout the territory of the municipality over time. Conclusions An increase in both the number of reported cases and their spatial distribution occurred throughout the studied decade. The concentration of the disease was more intense in areas with greater vulnerability of the population, expressed by low per capita income and deficient provision of basic sanitation services. Sporotrichosis requires measures to better control the disease in Duque de Caxias and in the state of Rio de Janeiro.

State-level differences in public vocational rehabilitation closures among transition-aged youth with traumatic brain injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-142
Author(s):  
Charles Edmund Degeneffe ◽  
Mark Tucker ◽  
Zaccheus James Ahonle
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Vocational Rehabilitation ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
State Level ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita

AbstractThis study aimed to understand state-level variation in participation in the State/Federal Vocational Rehabilitation (State VR) System in the United States among transition-aged youth (persons under the age of 22 years at application for State VR services) with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in Federal Fiscal Year 2016. A weighted least squares regression analysis was conducted to determine the relationship of state-level population size, unemployment rate, and per-capita income to the number of State VR closures in each state for transition-aged youth with TBI. Population size and per-capita income significantly predicted closures, while there was no relationship between closures and unemployment rate. Research is needed that further explores and explains state-level disparities in participation among transition-aged youth with TBI.

scholarly journals Magnitude and reasons of initial default among new sputum positive cases of pulmonary tuberculosis under RNTCP in a district of West Bengal, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amitabha Mandal ◽  
Mausumi Basu ◽  
Palash Das ◽  
Sujishnu Mukherjee ◽  
Sibasis Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
National Tuberculosis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Pre Treatment

Under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP), Tuberculosis services are provided free of charge in India; all diagnosed TB patients are initiated on treatment within 7 days. Initial default is a potentially serious problem, particularly in cases of smear positive patients because they may continue transmitting the disease. This study was conducted to estimate the proportion of new sputum positive pulmonary TB patients who dropped out before initiating treatment, and their reasons for not registering for treatment. A cross-sectional study was carried out at Darjeeling District from July 2011 to April 2012 among 132 initial defaulters. Initial defaulter rate was 23.5%. A majority of the defaulters were 15-29 years old (59.10%); male (70.45%); from rural areas (80.06%); literate (78.79%); employed (86.36%); married (71.97%); non-smokers (77.27%); and had a mean per capita monthly income of Rs 741.40. Age, literacy, employment, marital status, smoking habits, alcohol consumption and pre treatment counseling were associated more among males than females and the differences were statistically significant. Among ‘busy with other jobs’, 76.19 % of patients were from a rural area, 71.43%were below the mean age, 73.81% had below mean per capita income. Among ‘temporary vocational migration’, 87.8% of patients were from rural areas, 56.1% were below the mean age, 63.41% had below mean per capita income. Among ‘idle at home’, 78.57% patients were from rural areas, 60.71% were below mean age, 75% had below mean per capita income. There is a need to convince the tuberculosis patients for initiating and completing treatment.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v4i1.21839 South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.4(1) 2014: 41-47

Relationships among States' Fiscal and Demographic Data and the Implementation of P.L. 94–142

1992 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret J. McLaughlin ◽  
Maria F. Owings
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
State Level ◽  
Special Education Students ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Students With Learning Disabilities ◽  
Study Implementation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Restrictive Settings

This study examined the relationships between state-level fiscal and demographic variables and identification rates and cumulative placement rates for certain categories of special education students in 1976, 1980, and 1983. The study explored the feasibility of using extant national data to study implementation of special education programs. Identification rates for students with learning disabilities and emotional disturbance were associated with level of state per-capita income and proportion of rural school-age population. States with higher per-capita income tended to have higher cumulative placement rates in special classes and all more restrictive settings.

scholarly journals Path analysis of skin cancer preventive behaviors in rural women based on protection motivation theory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdol-Hossain Kaviani ◽  
Mahboobeh Khorsandi ◽  
Nasrin Roozbahani
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Protection Motivation Theory ◽  
Protection Motivation ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Preventive Behaviors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Background: Determining factors affecting adopting preventive behaviors of skin cancer is helpful in designing interventions promoting these behaviors. The present study was conducted aimed to analyze preventive behaviors’ path of skin cancer in rural women based on protection motivation theory. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 230 rural women in the west of Iran were selected randomly. Data were collected by a valid and reliable questionnaire including demographic information and structures of protection motivation theory by interview with rural women and then analyzed using SPSS 22 and LISREL8.8. Results: In relation with skin cancer preventive behaviors, 27.8% of women were dressed up when working under the sun, 21.7% used sunscreen cream, 5.7% wore cap and 4.8 wore gloves and sunglasses. Protection motivation theory and per capita income explained 76% of motivation variance and 25% of the variance of skin cancer preventive behaviors. Response efficacy structure was the strongest predictor of the motivation of protection (0/001> p, ß= -0.44) and per capita income (0/001> p, ß= -0.34) and motivation (0/001> p, ß= -0.33) were the strongest predictors of these behaviors. Conclusions: This study showed that protection motivation theory is efficient in predicting preventive behaviors of skin cancer and promoting interventions of the behaviors can be designed and implemented by this theory. It is also necessary to perform proper planning in promoting these behaviors in people with low per capita income.

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