The Condition of England and the Standard of Living: Cotton Textiles in the Northwest, 1806–1850

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Cotton Textile ◽  
Cotton Textiles ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the workers' standard of living in the cotton textile industry of Northwest England from 1806 to 1850. Hedonic earnings regressions using 1835 data suggest that power-loom weavers required substantial compensation for the high rents and poor sanitation of urban locations. Adjusting earnings in the factory sector for the impact of urbanization cuts growth in living standards by 10 percent, or up to one-quarter of gains realized by 1850. Inclusion of those employed in the handloom sector implies that any improvements in the living standards of all workers in the industry appeared only during the 1840s.

Postwar Japanese Cotton Textile Investment in Brazil, 1955–1980

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-97
Author(s):  
Henri Delanghe
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Cotton Textile ◽  
Process Technology ◽  
Japanese Firms ◽  
Cotton Textiles ◽  
Intimate Knowledge ◽  
Second Wave

The literature suggests that cotton textiles should be unattractive for foreign direct investment (FDI). The product is largely undifferentiated; sellers need an intimate knowledge of local markets; and textiles use process technology, which multinational firms cannot monopolize. Indeed, since the 1970s, cotton textiles has been one of the few industries in Brazil in which local capital dominates, joint ventures prevail, and American firms are almost completely absent. Yet, between 1955 and the mid-1970s, Brazil saw significant foreign direct investment in textiles from Japanese firms. There were two successive waves of Japanese investment in the Brazilian cotton textile industry. The first ran from the mid-1950s to the early 1960s. The second took place from the late 1960s to the mid-1970s. Four Japanese textile firms participated in the first wave—Kanebo, Toyobo, Tsuzuki, and Unitika. Four more—Daiwa, Kurabo, Nisshinbo, and Omi—participated in the second wave.

scholarly journals Fluid Flow in Cotton Textile: Effects of Wollastonite Nanosuspension and Aspergillus Niger Fungus

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayoub Esmailpour ◽  
Hamid R. Taghiyari ◽  
Reza Majidi Najafabadi ◽  
Amin Kalantari ◽  
Antonios N. Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Cotton Fibers ◽  
Cotton Textile ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Cotton Textiles ◽  
Fungus Mycelium

Aspergillus niger is a common contaminant in food industry, laboratories, and also a potential threat to biological works of art in museums. Cotton textiles have frequently been used in museums for canvas paintings. In the present project, the effect of Aspergillus niger on fluid flow rate of nanowollastonite-impregnated cotton textile specimens was investigated. Cotton specimens were impregnated with nanowollastonite (NW) suspension at four concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% to be further compared with control specimens. Results showed that fluid flow in cotton textile was as high as 361.3 cm3·s−1 due to its high porous structure and very low compactness of fibers (low density). Impregnation with NW did not have a significant effect on fluid flow in cotton textile. Exposure to Aspergillus niger increased fluid flow in control specimens as a result of deterioration of cotton fibers. Exposure of NW-impregnated specimens at concentrations more than 20% to Aspergillus niger did not have any significant effect on fluid flow. In control specimens, fungus mycelium penetrated deep into the texture of textile. However, in NW-impregnated specimens, the fungus could not penetrate into the texture and deteriorate the specimens. It was concluded that NW can be recommended for textile industry and also works of art as they protect cotton textiles against Aspergillus niger while, do not diminishi its dying and paintability properties.

scholarly journals Some Comments on the Cotton Cloth Consumption in Pakistan

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-244
Author(s):  
Munawar Iqbal Malik
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Foreign Market ◽  
Cotton Cloth ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Cotton Textile ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Cotton Textiles

From the beginning, the cotton textile industry has been the keystone of Pakis¬tan's industrial development. In both the large scale (more than 1U employees) and the small scale sectors, cotton textiles is the single most important industry in terms of both the value of output and employment. Cotton textiles account for more than 15 percent of all exports and a much higher share of manufactured exports. While the importance of textiles has diminished with the spread of in¬dustrialization to other sectors, the predominance of textiles in manufacturing employment, value added and exports is likely to continue for some time. As Pakistan prepares to launch its Fifth Five-Year plan, it is useful to examine the growth prospects for the cotton textile industry. Having long ago replaced imports of cotton textiles by domestic production, Pakistan must now look to the expansion of foreign market for textiles or at least Pakistan's share in the market-and to the growth of the home market to absorb any planned growth in productive capacity. With the uncertainties in the world market, and especially the current recessionary slump in the developed economies the aftermath of which is likely to be felt for some time, especially in the form of new quantitative restrictions against textile and other manufactured imports coming from developing countries -the future growth in demand for Pakistan's exports is very problematic. Over the decade of the 1960's, textile exports grew in real terms by more than 20 percent per annum. From 1970 to 1974 the trend rate fell to less than 5 percent per annum with considerable fluctuations in the rate of increase from year to year. Of course, there always remains the possibility that Pakistan can expand her share of the foreign market sufficiently to offset any decline in world demand, but the existence of the country-specific quotas on textile products in many of the importing coun¬tries may prove a serious constraint in this regard.

Wage structures and family economies in the Catalan textile industry in an age of nascent capitalism

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
ENRIQUETA CAMPS I CURA
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Cooperative Game ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Cooperative Game Theory ◽  
Scientific Organization ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Hourly Wage ◽  
Welfare Families ◽  
Wage Structures

This article deals with changes in the management of industrial labour in Catalonia between 1830 and 1925. In the absence of state welfare, families developed a number of strategies to try and secure an adequate standard of living. During the nineteenth century labour markets were informal, and working contracts implicit. However, with the advent of scientific organization of labour in the 1920s, hourly wage agreements began to be recorded. The application of cooperative game theory illuminates the processes by which households in this era managed to generate income. Both kin- and non-kin-related networks were used to improve the living standards of the household. Strategies of co-residence initially developed by migrants were later imitated by locally born inhabitants. Initially the living standards of migrants were thus higher than those of natives.

A Note on the Consistency of Pakistan's Cotton-Cloth Statistics for Recent Years (Notes & Comments)

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-446
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Lewis, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Cotton Cloth ◽  
Cotton Textile ◽  
Textile Production ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Cotton Textiles

This brief note is written in the hope that some further light can be shed on the cotton-textile situation in Pakistan, since available (and widely used)i data appear to be internally inconsistent. There seems to be a rather startling inconsistency among the data (for the 1960's) on production, exports, and domestic prices of cotton cloth, given reasonable assumptions about the income and price elasticity of demand. The most likely explanation for the inconsistency is that the cotton-textile production figures are currently being underestimated, and that the growth rate of cotton-textiles is also being underestimated. Since cotton textiles make up about one quarter of value added in large-scale manu¬facturing industries in Pakistan, the effect of a substantial understatement in the growth of the cotton-textile industry on the growth rate of manufacturing could be quite marked. There has been a very good performance rate in cotton-textile exports in the past several years, both with respect to the rate of increase in exports and the rising share of cotton-textile production that is exported. It is this very promising improvement in export performance that led to the questions raised here.

Robert J. Gordon, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War.

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-173
Author(s):  
Gary Cross
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Business Innovation ◽  
Economic Stagnation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bold Claim

By now many of you have heard about, considered reading (if not deterred by its 762-page girth), and even dipped into Robert Gordon's The Rise and Fall of American Growth. This tome well deserves the attention that it has received for addressing a burning issue today: economic stagnation and its origins. Taking the long view with both summary statistics of trends in growth between 1870 and the present, but also with an amazing variety of graphs and charts detailing patterns of growth in a wide variety of industries, Gordon chronicles the impact of the second and third industrializations. His oft-repeated argument is simple, that growth was revolutionary in the history of humanity in the century after 1870, resulting from the effects of the second industrialization (launched by electricity and the internal combustion engine especially), and raising living standards in profound but unrepeatable ways. Though he finds the 1920s to 1970 to be most dramatic in growth rates (especially resulting from technology and innovation measured by total factor productivity [TFP]—accounting for growth outside resource inputs), after 1970 that productivity was barely a third of the previous century despite the digitalization of the third industrialization, which contributes only 7 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). This lag is especially evident since 2004 with no reasonable prospects for reversal, and the decline in the rate of growth has been accompanied by increasing income inequality with demographic lags and other “headwinds” further threatening growth. The argument is predominately based on technological change, though Gordon recognizes the role of government and even unions (in raising wages) and less often business innovation in advancing growth. Much of the book's reception has been shaped by economists and economic historians addressing this bold claim, and it has been compared with Thomas Piketty's even more ambitious work on the trend toward inequality.

scholarly journals Textual Research on the Historical Position of Cotton Textile Industry in Shanghai Area in Yuan Dynasty

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongjun Zhang ◽  
Kehui Deng
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Yuan Dynasty ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Cotton Textile ◽  
Textile Technology ◽  
The Yuan Dynasty ◽  
Textual Research

The Yuan Dynasty was the real beginning of Shanghai, which was also one of the important hub areas of cotton planting and cotton textile spreading from the frontier to the inland in ancient China, but its specific situation and historical position were rarely studied. On the basis of carding the cotton textile technology, cotton output and the development of cotton commodity economy in this period, this paper reveals that the cotton textile industry in Shanghai played an important role in improving people's clothing and raw materials, improving local people's material living standards and promoting the economic development of Jiangnan areas and even the whole country in the Yuan Dynasty. It also laid a good foundation for the later development of Shanghai China's great historical development process, especially in economic development, has an indelible and non-negligible historical position.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF THE LABOUR TAX BURDEN ON THE LIVING STANDARD OF THE INHABITANTS OF LATVIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Anastasija Jersova ◽  
Inta Kotāne
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The standard of living of the inhabitants of Latvia, especially in the context of material well-being or disposable income, is a guarantee that the inhabitants will be able to meet their basic needs, which are important for ensuring an adequate standard of living. Inhabitants ensure their material well-being mainly by working and receiving a net salary, which is paid after the calculation and deduction of labour taxes. However, the state is essentially the same inhabitant, which has its own basic needs, the financing of which requires income, which is mainly obtained after the collection of certain taxes, which accordingly reduces material well-being or disposable income of the inhabitants which is an essential component of the standard of living.The goal of the research: to investigate the impact of the labour taxes on the standard of living of the inhabitants of Latvia. The research uses general scientific research methods: the method of monographic or descriptive research, the comparative analysis method, an expert   survey, data grouping, and the graphical method. Authors of the paper believe that employees employed in Latvia should be encouraged to use the possibilities of gross salary relief, thus promoting the growth of their net salary. In order to raise the living standards of the inhabitants in the short and long term, the government of Latvia and local governments must emphasize their attention to the growth of the national economy. The government of Latvia and local governments must implement measures aimed at raising the long-term living standards of the population and gaining material benefits in the future.

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