Continuity in Economic Activity and Policy during the Post-Petrine Period in Russia

1965 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arcadius Kahan
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Political ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Private Entrepreneurs ◽  
European Standards ◽  
The Government ◽  
Foreign Entrepreneurs

To discuss economic activity in Russia of the eighteenth century is to deal with an economic and social order that antedates the age of industrialization. Industrial activity in Russia during the eighteenth century was carried on within the political framework of an autocratic state, with ill-defined norms of legal behavior, and against the background of a serf agriculture which reached its apogee during this very period. The state of the industrial arts was low in comparison with western European standards, and the use of waterpower as a motive force in manufactories was introduced in Russia by foreign entrepreneurs only in the seventeenth century. Against this background, the efforts by Peter the Great (reigned 1682–1725) to modernize Russia appear genuinely heroic. The demands of his policy forced the government to engage directly in a vast program of establishing new industries, of converting small handicraft workshops into large-scale manufactories, and of encouraging private entrepreneurs to follow the government's example.

scholarly journals MODERNIZATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF DERBENT BY THE GOVERNMENT OF PETER THE GREAT

2016 ◽  
pp. 69-73
Author(s):  
N. A. Magomedov ◽  
Sh. A. Magaramov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
The West ◽  
Domestic Production ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City

In aim of the article is to show the policy of the government of Peter the Great in modernization of natural and economic resources of Derbent and its district. On the basis of the analysis of written and literary references the main actions for the development and modernization of the natural and economic resources of the Derbent region ofDagestanare studied. Plans for reconstruction of Derbent trade harbor in view of its important economic and strategic importance had a more large-scale and consecutive character. The research shows that former trade value of the city was restored, it became involved in the Russian east trade on the west bank of theCaspian Sea. Besides, as a result of complex measures, the economy of Caspian Dagestan and Derbent in particular received a new impulse for development, separate perspective branches of economy (wine growing, saffron and oil production) were improved with the consideration of the last achievements, including foreign. Many efforts in this aspect were made directly by Peter I, who was interested in the development of domestic production of wine, oil, spices, wool.

Jane Austen’s Questioning of Gender and Genres

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Laure MASSEI-CHAMAYOU
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Jane Austen ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Conduct Books ◽  
Northanger Abbey ◽  
Gothic Novels ◽  
Opposite View

If Jane Austen admits in her correspondence that she was eventually pleased with Thomas Gisborne’s Enquiry into the Duties of the Female Sex (1797), the Anglican theologian nonetheless endorsed the prejudices shared by most eighteenth-century moralists towards novels. Now, in Northanger Abbey, a novel filled with literary allusions, Jane Austen’s narrator bravely takes the opposite view by launching into a bold defence of the genre. Besides resorting to a biting irony to scrutinize her society’s axioms, rules and power relations, her novels notably question Manichean representations of masculine and feminine roles. Jane Austen’s choice to distance herself from the strictly gendered models inherited from conduct books, sentimental, or gothic novels, further combines with her questioning of generic conventions. This article thus aims at exploring how Jane Austen engaged with these representations while articulating her subtle didacticism. Her aim was not merely to raise the respectability of the novel genre, but also to provide a possible answer to the crisis of values that was threatening the very foundations of the political and social order.

Shintō Shrines and Secularism in Modern Japan, 1890–1945

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-156
Author(s):  
Karli Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Political System ◽  
The Political ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The West ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Secular Institution ◽  
The Government ◽  
Academic Discourses

From the late eighteenth century to WWII, shrine Shintō came to be seen as a secular institution by the government, academics, and activists in Japan (Isomae 2014; Josephson 2012, Maxey 2014). However, research thus far has largely focused on the political and academic discourses surrounding the development of this idea. This article contributes to this discussion by examining how a prominent modern Shintō shrine, Kashihara Jingū founded in 1890, was conceived of and treated as secular. It also explores how Kashihara Jingū communicated an alternate sense of space and time in line with a new Japanese secularity. This Shintō-based secularity, which located shrines as public, historical, and modern, was formulated in antagonism to the West and had an influence that extended across the Japanese sphere. The shrine also serves as a case study of how the modern political system of secularism functioned in a non-western nation-state.

Select document: ‘The present state of Ireland’, 1749

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (144) ◽  
pp. 581-597
Author(s):  
Eoin Magennis
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Present State ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Government

The effectiveness of the government of Ireland throughout the period of its rule by England and then Britain depended on the accuracy of the information provided to Dublin Castle and sent from thence to the political masters, based largely in London. The text reproduced below is one of a large number of manuscripts that were sent periodically in the early modern period and the eighteenth century to inform those not resident in Ireland about conditions in the country. Some of these are calls to action for various monarchs or their ministers, with prescriptions for the ‘reform’ of Ireland.

scholarly journals Revolution of Personality, or the Rise of Personaliat

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (99) ◽  
pp. 68-89
Author(s):  
D.A. Davydov
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Scale Transformation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Creative Activity ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Economic Changes

The idea of the post-capitalist society has long been associated with the “grassroots” struggle of the exploited classes for the society that is free from all forms of domination and exploitation. D.Davydov does not consider this approach scientific and proposes one should change the lens of research and focus on what is happening at the level of the elites, where the new world is slowly maturing and new relationships are often intertwined with the old ones. The article is devoted to the justification of the argument, according to which the development of the post-capitalist social relations has been going on for a relatively long time — as the rise of people who “possess a personality” (personaliat). The author demonstrates that the unfol ding processes can be explained by the deep economic changes — the transformation of creativity into the predominant source of consumer values. The author elabo rates the idea that the essence of the knowledge economy is not capitalist or even is anti-capitalist, but at the same time he suggests that it is the nature of social relations around creative activity that should be consi dered rather than creative activity per se. From his point of view, despite the fact that the consequences of such activities complicate the functioning of the capitalist economy, the demise of the old economy does not mean that somewhere beyond the horizon we will have a cloudless non-antagonistic future. It is much more relevant to view post-capitalist transformation as the gradual rise to dominance of those who possess power over public attention. The author starts the article with a brief “history of personality” and after that demonstrates how the depersonalized world was gradually “colo nized” by creative public figures. According to his conclusion, today we witness a large-scale transformation of the Political, which is associated with the trend that representatives of personaliat assumed roles of key actors in the political process. Power is transferred from those with money to those with persona lity. However, this shift in itself hardly guarantees the establishment of an egalitarian social order that has overcome all forms of alienation and inequality. Moreover, at the moment such prospect looks doubtful.

scholarly journals Mass Media as an Instrument of Propaganda Policy During the Civil War in Siberia

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
Yuri Petrushin ◽  
Olga Shilova
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Information Dissemination ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
The Political ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Government Propaganda ◽  
The Government

The article studies information systems of the main political centres operating in Siberia during the Civil War. The Soviet government, the White movement, the allied forces of the Entente were developing a large-scale propaganda in their struggle for power. The articles studies the methods and forms of confrontation of the political centres, their strong and weak points, as well as the channels of information transfer and means of information dissemination. The role of the information aspect during the Civil War in Siberia has not been studied properly so far. One does not have a complete scientific notion of how mass media were related to different political regimes and allies in Siberia. Therefore, the history of the political centres’ struggle for power needs to be widely researched applying interdisciplinary synthesis. It is necessary to consider the information-propaganda policy of the political centres as a specific activity of the governments of Siberia and allies, and as a significant instrument of implementing a new state ideology. In addition, the article discusses the information propaganda policy of the foreign countries participating in the Civil War, revealing the ideological views imposed by the government propaganda of the political centres. Studying the press, telegraph and printing has allowed to define the specific features of the information policy of the political centres. Controlling mass media, effectively set political propaganda contributed to the government stability. The First World War and, then, the Civil War became the pivot point that helped the political centres realise that mass media are the main allies in a crisis as the role and significance of information in society increases profoundly.

Mining takes on renewed importance in Ecuador

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mining Sector ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Public Revenue ◽  
The Government ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
Mine Development ◽  
Increased Activity

Subject The mining outlook in Ecuador. Significance The collapse of world oil prices has forced the government of President Rafael Correa to search for new sources of public revenue and foreign investment. The mining sector, which remains underdeveloped, has the potential to make significant contributions on both of these fronts. Reflecting the growing importance of the sector, the government has a created a Mining Ministry and appointed a mining minister. While numerous challenges continue to face the industry, it has shown signs of increased activity in the opening six months of the year. Impacts Opponents of mining development will attempt to impede medium and large-scale projects, through the courts and on the streets. Changes to water laws and policies will face opposition due to fears they may facilitate mine development and threaten water supplies. While investment in the mining sector will boost economic activity, the economy will expand more slowly than expected in 2015.

The Period of Inflation, 1919–1923

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin H. Geyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
States Of Emergency ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
The Social ◽  
Currency Reform ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The years after the signing of the Versailles Peace Treaty on 28 June and the adoption of the Weimar Constitution on 11 August 1919 were dominated by inflation, which culminated in hyperinflation in 1923 and resulted in a currency reform. The republic mastered severe political crises such as the Kapp putsch in 1920, upheavals, and hyperinflation. At the same time, political life remained almost permanently in post-revolutionary crisis mode, suffering from both internal and external uncertainties, including reparations, which played a major role. Between 1919 and 1923, the government changed eight times. In particular, the year 1923 was marked by economic, political, and social states of emergency. After the political revolution in November 1918, inflation proved to be a revolution of a different kind, which contemporaries saw as crisis of the social order, but also as the expression of destructive modernity.

Political Memoranda

Fénelon ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 173-223
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
The Political ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
Practical Guide ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The Government

Fénelon’s previous editors have gathered together under the heading Mémoires politiques several of his short writings on the political events of his day. These Political Memoranda provided Fénelon with an opportunity to apply his political theory to practical political questions. Dating to the first two decades of the eighteenth century, some of the most noteworthy of these focus on the disastrous effects of Louis XIV’s foreign policy in the course of the War of Spanish Succession. Also included here are the “Plans of Government,” a set of notes that emerged from Fénelon’s conversations in November 1711 with several of his fellow reformers. They are generally thought to have been prepared to provide Burgundy—who, in the wake of his father’s death earlier that year, had become the expected successor to Louis XIV—with a practical guide for the reform of the government of France on his ascension to the throne.

POLITICAL ECONOMY, THE STATE, AND REVOLUTION IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-444
Author(s):  
ANDREW JAINCHILL
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Social Order ◽  
The Political ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
Intellectual Origins ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The French Revolution

Among the stunning changes in material and intellectual life that transformed eighteenth-century Europe, perhaps none excited as much contemporary consternation as the twin-headed growth of a modern commercial economy and the fiscal–military state. As economies became increasingly based on trade, money, and credit, and states both exploded in size and forged seemingly insoluble ties to the world of finance, intellectuals displayed growing anxiety about just what kind of political, economic, and social order was taking shape before their eyes. Two important new books by Michael Sonenscher and John Shovlin, Before the Deluge: Public Debt, Inequality, and the Intellectual Origins of the French Revolution and The Political Economy of Virtue: Luxury, Patriotism, and the Origins of the French Revolution, tackle these apprehensions and the roles they played in forging French political and economic writings in the second half of the eighteenth century. Both authors also take the further step of demonstrating the impact of the ideas they study on the origins of the French Revolution.

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