The Period of Inflation, 1919–1923

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin H. Geyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
States Of Emergency ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
The Social ◽  
Currency Reform ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The years after the signing of the Versailles Peace Treaty on 28 June and the adoption of the Weimar Constitution on 11 August 1919 were dominated by inflation, which culminated in hyperinflation in 1923 and resulted in a currency reform. The republic mastered severe political crises such as the Kapp putsch in 1920, upheavals, and hyperinflation. At the same time, political life remained almost permanently in post-revolutionary crisis mode, suffering from both internal and external uncertainties, including reparations, which played a major role. Between 1919 and 1923, the government changed eight times. In particular, the year 1923 was marked by economic, political, and social states of emergency. After the political revolution in November 1918, inflation proved to be a revolution of a different kind, which contemporaries saw as crisis of the social order, but also as the expression of destructive modernity.

The King's Affinity in the Polity of Yorkist England

1973 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. L. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Formal Group ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Scene

The rise and fall of the house of York is a story which sits uneasily towards both revolutionary and evolutionary interpretations of fifteenth-century England. Indeed, in general, attempts to tidy away the political process of Lancastrian and Yorkist times into the displacement of one type of régime by another always fail to convince. They do so because as a régime neither Lancaster nor York kept still long enough to be impaled on a categorical definition. The political life and death of both dynasties composes the pattern, changing yet constant, of a set of variations on the theme of an aristocratic society pre-dominantly kingship-focused and centripetal rather than locality-focused and centrifugal. In so far as the political process conformed to the social order, the households of the great were the nodal connections in which relationships of mutual dependence cohered. Those retinues, fellowships, affinities (for the vocabulary of the time was rich in terms overlapping but with nuances of descriptive emphasis) have now been studied both in their general conformation and in several particular instances; I have here attempted for the central affinity of the king over one generation not a formal group portrait but a sketch focused on the middle distance of figures in a landscape. The meagreness of household records in the strict sense is a problem we must learn to live with. But it would seem sensible to make a virtue of necessity and follow the life-line of what evidence there is to the conclusion that if an understanding of the household is only possible by attending to its wider context, so an understanding of that wider political scene requires some attention to the household.

scholarly journals First minister (prime minister) of the Fifth French Republic: Between the significant constitutional position and the prevailing practice in the shadow of the head of state

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-252
Author(s):  
Milan Rapajić
Keyword(s):  
Prime Minister ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Responsibility ◽  
Political Practice ◽  
Head Of State ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

One of the characteristics of the system of government in the Fifth French Republic is the strengthened position of the head of state, but also the existence of the first minister as a constitutional category with a significant role. The constitution provides the political responsibility of the government with the Prime Minister and ministers before parliament. Certain French writers have opinion that the Prime Minister appears as the central figure of the constitutional structure. The Prime Minister shall direct the actions of the Government. This is 21 of Constitution. Also, there are specific powers that put the Prime Minister in the position of its real head of government. Among the prime minister's most important powers is his right to elect members of the government. It is the right to propose to the President of the Republic the appointment but also the dismissal of members of the government. The Prime Minister is authorized to re-sign certain acts of the President of the Republic. In case of temporary impediment of the head of state, the Prime Minister chairs the councils and committees for national defense, as well as the Council of Ministers. The paper analyzes the constitutional provisions that lead to the conclusion that the position of the Prime Minister is institutionally constructed as strong. Political practice, with the exception of periods of cohabitation, has indicated that most prime ministers have been overshadowed by mostly powerful heads of state. For that reason, it is necessary to analyze the political practice of all eight presidential governments. A review of the already long political life that has lasted since 1958. points to the conclusion that in its longest period, presidents of the Republic dominated the public political scene. The Prime Minister has a more pronounced role in the executive branch during cohabitation periods. However, nine years in three cohabitations cannot change the central conclusion of this paper that the dominant political practice of the Fifth Republic has led to the Prime Minister being essentially in the shadow of the head of state.

Social Representations of a Controversial Peace Agreement: Subjective Public Meanings of the GRP-MILF MOA

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-72
Author(s):  
Cristina Jayme Montiel ◽  
Judith M. de Guzman
Keyword(s):  
Social Representations ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
The Political ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Public Meanings

Using social representations theory, we studied the social meanings of a controversial Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front. In Study One, we describe the discursive content of the social debate by content analyzing articles from newspapers and selected websites. Study Two uses a survey to examine the fit between social representations of the political elite, as found in media, and the nonelite in Mindanao territories where the MOA was hotly contested. Study Three presents the social representations of the MOA at the local level through analysis of key informant interviews and archival data. Discriminant analysis on survey data shows that in general, the debate of political elites in media mirrors the contentions on-the-ground. However, the issue of constitutionality was only taken up by the political elite. Our findings suggest that the political stumble of the GRP-MILF peace process lay in a lack of procedural fairness and an on-the-ground participatory process acceptable to all antagonistic parties. However, the socially represented fair procedure is not about conventional democratic ways like using or not using a constitutional frame, but rather about pragmatic positioning and public consultations.

VI. Monarchy and Culture

1982 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 35-40
Keyword(s):  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Military Policy ◽  
Slow Decline ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Judicial Procedures ◽  
Administrative Structures ◽  
And Control

The installation of an emperor made possible the evolution of administrative structures and a centrally directed foreign and military policy appropriate to the government of a large empire. These gains were made at a cost of the destruction of the traditional forms of political life and the reordering and control of the social hierarchy at all levels.In law, the emperor devised new jurisdictions dependent on himself, created law, and empowered select jurisconsults, who were increasingly professionals of non-aristocratic background, to issue authoritative legal judgements and interpretations – with the necessary consequence that the courts, judicial procedures, and legislative organs inherited from the Republic went into a slow decline.

scholarly journals The Political and Economic Origins of the Roman Revolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-245
Author(s):  
Roman Lapyrenok
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Public Land ◽  
First Episode ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Agrarian Question ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Republic

The paper considers some economic and legal aspects of the struggle for the public land in Late Republican Rome. This period is one of the most controversial in ancient history; it brought many significant changes to the socio-economic and political life of Rome and contributed much to its transformation from Republic to Principate. Nevertheless, there is no special paper examining the competition between the Romans and Italians for the ager publicus populi Romani which started with the agrarian reform of Tiberius Gracchus in modern historiography. The first episode ended after the enactment in 111 B.C. of the lex agraria, when a large amount of public land was brought into private hands by its Roman possessors. A further part of the ager publicus populi Romani was still public and remained in hands of the socii. The logic of historical process, the economic changes of the second century B.C. which led Rome from Republic to Principate, demanded the formation of a new class of landowners. The latter would be the basis of the political system of the Roman Empire instead of the nobilitas; its political power would be based on private ownership of land. This was impossible without the full privatization of public land, and it is logical that the struggle for the ager publicus populi Romani was not ended in 111 B.C. Only after privatization of that land, which was possessed by the allies, the agrarian question in Rome could be fully resolved. The latter problem is of crucial importance for the further history of Rome, because it not only caused the Social War but also radically changed both the social structure and the political balance within Roman society during the last decades of the Republic.

scholarly journals The islamic factor in the political life of uzbekistan in the 1990s

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (Extra-A) ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Marat Zufarovich Galiullin ◽  
Ramil Rashitovich Kadyrov ◽  
Victoria Ravilꞌevna Sagitova ◽  
Luiza Kajumovna Karimova
Keyword(s):  
Religious Identity ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Crucial Issue ◽  
Social State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Republic

The article reveals the main problems related to the Islamic factor in the political life of Uzbekistan. The crucial issue of gaining political identity is the attitude of States to human rights and the Islamic factor. Since the Republic was part of the USSR for a long time, an atheistic paradigm prevailed in political life. The Islamic factor is becoming a key factor in the problem of gaining cultural and national identity in Central Asia, as part of the national elite saw sovereign States under the flag of Islam and Sharia law. The authors note that the independence of States has set their leadership a serious task to preserve the main gains of the social state and the acquisition of religious identity in the lives of citizens of the country. The article shows the experience of harmonious coexistence of different faiths in a region where citizens retain their basic rights.

scholarly journals No Safe Space: Zombie Film Tropes during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-258
Author(s):  
Lúcio Reis Filho
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Safe Space ◽  
The Political ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Cultural Experience ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Government ◽  
Mainstream Culture

As COVID-19 spreads across the globe, reports on the crisis evoke many tropes of horror cinema, reinforcing the role of pandemics in apocalyptic imagination. More tied to the zombie film subgenre, horror tropes re-emerge daily in the news and mainstream culture: the unexplainable disease, the silence or denial of the authorities, the political disarticulation, the buzz of the media, the government conspiracy, the collapse of the social order, and the big cities as vast, ruined spaces. Considering the profound changes in urban landscapes, the analogy I intend to establish with a specific horror subgenre highlights the stigma of the infected, the quarantine as a social and cultural experience, and the segregation inherent in it.

scholarly journals The efficiency of the political process in the Republic of Moldova in the context of increasing global threats in tearm of a realistic approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-120
Author(s):  
Lilia Braga ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Post Industrial

The article deals with the problem of political process and political participation in the Republic of Moldova. The author draws on the realistic concept of Danilo Zolo about the “social complexity” in the context of the post-industrial era in the studying of this issue. The author shows that the evolution of the political process in the Republic of Moldova reflects the global processes of democracy crisis, being a product of the modern age development. The author pays a special attention to the problem of political participation, concluding that such a problems like the COVID-19, finally remove demos from political life. Actually, the mane subject of the political process become the executive branch. The concentration of political power requires strengthening of the professionalism and of the responsibility of the management team.

scholarly journals Orientasi Politik Aktivis Eks Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia Pasca Dibubarkan

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (02) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zul Fadli
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Islamic Movements ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

Abstrak: Artikel ini ingin mengetahui orientasi politik Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) setelah dibubarkan oleh pemerintah melalui peraturan pemerintah (Perpu) No 2 tahun 2017, sebagai pengganti Undang-Undang No 17 Tahun 2013 tentang Organisasi kemasyarakatan. Orientasi politik merupakan sikap yang dimiliki seorang individu maupun kelompok dalam interaksinya dengan kehidupan politik yang meliputi, sikap, nilai dan prilaku politik Pemerintah melalui kementerian hukum dan HAM mencabut status badan hukum organisasi HTI. Pencabutan status badan hukum HTI dilatar belakangi karena idiologi dan aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh HTI bertentangan dengan Pancasila dan negara kesatuan republik Indonesia (NKRI). Sebagai sebuah organisasi sosial-keagamaan keberadaan Hizbut Tahrir sudah berlangsung sejak lama di Indonesia. HTI memiliki struktur anggota, kaderisasi, aktivis, simpatisan yang cukup solid dan konsisten memperjuangkan berdirinya khilafah Islamiyah. Oleh karena itu, ketika organisasi mereka dibubarkan oleh pemerintah, anggota, kader, aktivis, dan simpatisan eks HTI, ke arah manakah orientasi politiknya setelah dibubarkan. Pertanyaan penelitian ini ingin menjawab kemanakah orientasi politik eks Hizbut Tahrir setelah dibubarkan oleh pemerintah. Tujuannya untuk mengetahui dan membandingkan kearah mana orientasi politiknya dengan gerakan islamis lainnya yang pernah dibubarkan oleh pemerintah pada masa-masa sebelumnya. Kata Kunci: Orientasi Politik, Hizbut Tahrir, Perpu   Abstact: This article explains the political orientation of Hizbut-Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) after it was dissolved by the government through government regulation (Perpu) No. 2 of 2017, substitute ordinance No. 17 of 2013 about Community Organizations. The government through the Ministry of Law and Human Rights revoked the legal status of the HTI organization. The revocation of the legal status of HTI is motivated by the ideology and activities carried out by HTI in conflict with the Pancasila and the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). As a socio-religious organization the existence of Hizbut-Tahrir has been going on for a long time in Indonesia. HTI has a fairly solid member structure, regeneration, activists, sympathizers and, fight for the Islamic Khilafah. Therefore, when their organization was dissolved by the government, members, cadres, activists, and sympathizers of the former HTI, in what direction was their political orientation after it was dissolved. Political orientation is the attitude of an individual or group in their interactions with political life which includes political attitudes, values ​​and, behavior. This research question wants to answer where the political orientation of the former Hizbut-Tahrir was after it was dissolved by the government. The aim is to find out and compare the direction of political orientation with other Islamic movements that have been dissolved by the government in previous periods. Keywords: Political Orientation, Hizbut Tahrir, Government Regulation

scholarly journals The efficiency of the political process in the Republic of Moldova in the context of increasing global threats in tearm of a realistic approach (Part II)

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-80
Author(s):  
Lilia Braga ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Post Industrial

The article deals with the problem of political process and political participation in the Republic of Moldova. The author draws on the realistic concept of Danilo Zolo about the “social complexity” in the context of the post-industrial era in the studying of this issue. Th e author shows that the evolution of the political process in the Republic of Moldova refl ects the global processes of democracy crisis, being a product of the modern age development. The author pays a special attention to the problem of political participation, concluding that such a problems like the “COVID-19”, finally remove demos from political life. Actually, the mane subject of the political process become the executive branch. The concentration of political power requires strengthening of the professionalism and of the responsibility of the management team.

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