scholarly journals The Origin of Penitents

1954 ◽  
Vol 2 (15) ◽  
pp. 331-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Lliboitry
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Prolonged Action ◽  
First Time

AbstractPenitents are observed on all the snow fields and glaciers of the Santiago Andes between 4000 and 5200 m. They are caused by the prolonged action of the sun in a dry and cold atmosphere, The sublimation of the snow or ice allows the crests to maintain their temperature below 0° C., while in the spaces or passages between the penitents, where radiation is concentrated and removal of water vapour not so easy, melting takes place. This hypothesis is justified by a brief study of the climate of the high Cordillera of Santiago; this study has been attempted for the first time with the help of meteorological information obtained from La Cumbre (3837 m.).The first stage of the penitents is a form of “micropenitent,” similar to that observed at the end of the winter below 3500 m. These micropenitents frequently come from crusted snow which has cracked. The compact ice penitents are directly formed from ice, as is proved by the existence of ice micropenitents.

scholarly journals The Origin of Penitents

1954 ◽  
Vol 2 (15) ◽  
pp. 331-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Lliboitry
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Prolonged Action ◽  
First Time

AbstractPenitents are observed on all the snow fields and glaciers of the Santiago Andes between 4000 and 5200 m. They are caused by the prolonged action of the sun in a dry and cold atmosphere, The sublimation of the snow or ice allows the crests to maintain their temperature below 0° C., while in the spaces or passages between the penitents, where radiation is concentrated and removal of water vapour not so easy, melting takes place. This hypothesis is justified by a brief study of the climate of the high Cordillera of Santiago; this study has been attempted for the first time with the help of meteorological information obtained from La Cumbre (3837 m.).The first stage of the penitents is a form of “micropenitent,” similar to that observed at the end of the winter below 3500 m. These micropenitents frequently come from crusted snow which has cracked. The compact ice penitents are directly formed from ice, as is proved by the existence of ice micropenitents.

scholarly journals Gamma Astrometric Measurement Experiment: testing General Relativity with a small mission

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (S248) ◽  
pp. 290-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vecchiato ◽  
M. G. Lattanzi ◽  
M. Gai ◽  
R. Morbidelli
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Galactic Center ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Measurement Experiment ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
Bending Of Light

AbstractGAME (Gamma Astrometric Measurement Experiment) is a concept for an experiment whose goal is to measure from space the γ parameter of the Parameterized Post-Newtonian formalism, by means of a satellite orbiting at 1 AU from the Sun and looking as close as possible to its limb. This technique resembles the one used during the solar eclipse of 1919, when Dyson, Eddington and collaborators measured for the first time the gravitational bending of light. Simple estimations suggest that, possibly within the budget of a small mission, one could reach the 10−6level of accuracy with ~106observations of relatively bright stars at about 2° apart from the Sun. Further simulations show that this result could be reached with only 20 days of measurements on stars ofV≤ 17 uniformly distributed. A quick look at real star densities suggests that this result could be greatly improved by observing particularly crowded regions near the galactic center.

Effects of exposure on water relations and photosynthesis of western hemlock in habitat forms

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Keller ◽  
E. B. Tregunna
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Diffusion Resistance ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Water Vapour Diffusion ◽  
Vapour Diffusion

Measurements of relative turgidity, transpiration rates, and photosynthetic rates on sun-grown and shade-grown western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) were used to indicate effects of varying degrees of exposure.The sun-adapted form had low photosynthetic rates but maintained its water content under conditions of high evaporative demand. The shade-adapted form desiccated under exposed conditions, and in contrast with the sun-adapted form, its water vapour diffusion resistance decreased with increasing light intensity.

Cosmic Deer as an Archaic Symbol in the Narratives and Rituals of the Tungus-Manchus

2020 ◽  
pp. 112-121
Author(s):  
Татьяна Юрьевна Сем
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Cosmic Scale ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Bronze Age

Статья посвящена мифологическому образу космического оленя в традиционной культуре тунгусо-маньчжуров. В работе рассматриваются материалы фольклора, шаманства, промысловых и календарных ритуалов, а также искусства. Впервые систематизированы материалы по всем тунгусо-маньчжурским народам. Образ космического оленя в фольклоре эвенов имеет наиболее близкие аналогии с амурскими народами, которые представляют его с рогами до небес. Он сохранился в сказочном фольклоре с мифологическими и эпическими элементами. В эвенском мифе образ оленя имеет космические масштабы: из тела его происходит земля и всё живущее на ней. У народов Амура образ оленя нашел отражение в космогенезе, отделении неба от земли. Своеобразие сюжета космической охоты характеризует общесибирскую мифологию, относящуюся к ранней истории. В ней наиболее ярко проявляется мотив смены старого и нового солнца, хода времени, смены времен года, календарь тунгусо-маньчжуров. В результате анализа автор пришел к выводу, что олень в тунгусо-маньчжурской традиции моделирует пространство и время Вселенной, характеризует образ солнца и хода времени. Космический олень является архетипичным символом культуры тунгусо-маньчжуров, сохранившим свое значение до настоящего времени в художественной культуре This article is devoted to the mythological image of cosmic deer in traditional Tungus-Manchu culture. It examines materials of folklore, shamanism, trade and calendar rituals as well as art and for the first time systematizes materials from all of the Tungus-Manchu peoples. The image of cosmic deer in the folklore of the Evens has its closest analogy in that of the Amur peoples, reflected in the image of a deer with horns reaching up to the sky. This image is preserved in fairytales with mythological and epic elements. In the Even myth, the image of a deer is on a cosmic scale, as the cosmos issues from its body. Among the Amur peoples, the image of a deer is also related to cosmogenesis, to the separation of the earth from the sky. The plot of a cosmic hunt is reflected in pan-Siberian mythology, dating back to the Bronze Age. It clearly illustrates the motif of the change of the old and new sun, the passage of time, the change of seasons, the Tungus-Manchu calendar. The author comes to the conclusion that deer in the Tungus-Manchu tradition, in depicting the image of the sun and the passage of time, model the space and time of the Universe. The cosmic deer is an archetypal symbol of Tungus-Manchu culture, which has retained its significance in artistic culture to the present day.

‘Nothing is hidden under the sun’

2019 ◽  
pp. 258-271
Author(s):  
Margaret Dalivalle ◽  
Martin Kemp ◽  
Robert B. Simon
Keyword(s):  
The Sun ◽  
Oliver Cromwell ◽  
Charles Ii ◽  
First Time ◽  
Extensive List

Chapter 14 surveys the return of royal goods to Charles II at the Restoration of the Crown in 1660 and identifies the Greenwich Salvator Mundi, disbursed and returned by Capt. John Stone in the royal inventory of c. 1666. The chapter reviews the individuals involved in the restitution and augmentation of the Royal Collection and identifies two inventories of the collection at the earliest state of assembly c. 1660–2. It identifies a previously unrecognized—and extensive—list of paintings reserved for the use of Oliver Cromwell. It considers the location and fate of the painting of Christ attributed to Leonardo that was disbursed to Edward Bass in December 1651. The chapter identifies, for the first time, documentation of the presence of the Windsor Volume in the collection of Charles II.

Helium

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Emission Spectrum ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Atomic Structure ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Bright Light ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
First Time

Today we learn at such a young age about the periodic properties of the elements and their atomic structure that it seems as if we grew up with the knowledge, and that everyone must always have known such basic, simple stuff. But till nearly the end of the nineteenth century no one even suspected that such things as the noble gases, with their filled electronic orbits, might exist. Helium was the first one we at Brookhaven looked for in our mass spectrometer, and the first one discovered. This was in 1868, but the discovery was ignored and the discoverer ridiculed. He didn’t care; he had other things on his mind. His name was Pierre Jules César Janssen, and he was a French astronomer who sailed to India that year in order to take advantage of a predicted solar eclipse. With the overwhelming brightness of the sun’s disk blocked by the moon, he hoped to observe the outer layers using the newly discovered technique of absorption spectroscopy. Nobody at the time understood why, but it had been observed that when a bright light shone through a gas, the chemical elements in the gas absorbed the light at specific wavelengths. The resulting dark lines in the emission spectrum of the light were like fingerprints, for it had been found in chemical laboratories that when an element was heated it emitted light at the same wavelengths it would absorb when light from an outside source was shined on it. So the way the technique worked, Janssen reasoned, was that he could measure the wavelengths of the solar absorbed lines and compare them with lines emitted in chemical laboratories where different elements were routinely studied, thus identifying the gases present in the sun. On August 18 of that year the moon moved properly into position, and Janssen’s spectroscope captured the dark absorption lines of the gases surrounding the sun. It was an exciting moment, as for the first time the old riddle could be answered: “Twinkle twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are.” The answer now was clear: the sun, a typical star, was made overwhelmingly of hydrogen. But to Janssen’s surprise there was one additional and annoying line, with a wavelength of 587.49 nanometers.

scholarly journals Oxygen isotopic ratios in Martian water vapour observed by ACS MIR on board the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

2019 ◽  
Vol 630 ◽  
pp. A91 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Alday ◽  
C. F. Wilson ◽  
P. G. J. Irwin ◽  
K. S. Olsen ◽  
L. Baggio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Oxygen Isotope Ratios ◽  
Infrared Measurements ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic ◽  
Atmospheric Loss ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

Oxygen isotope ratios provide important constraints on the history of the Martian volatile system, revealing the impact of several processes that might fractionate them, such as atmospheric loss into space or interaction with the surface. We report infrared measurements of the Martian atmosphere obtained with the mid-infrared channel (MIR) of the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS), onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. Absorption lines of the three main oxygen isotopologues of water vapour (H216O, H218O, and H217O) observed in the transmission spectra allow, for the first time, the measurement of vertical profiles of the 18O/16O and 17O/16O ratios in atmospheric water vapour. The observed ratios are enriched with respect to Earth-like values (δ18O = 200 ± 80‰ and δ17O = 230 ± 110‰ corresponding to the Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water). The vertical structure of these ratios does not appear to show significant evidence of altitudinal variations.

scholarly journals 3. An Alternate Interpretation of the Oort Cloud of Comets?

1977 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 93-97
Author(s):  
L. Kresak
Keyword(s):  
Relative Size ◽  
Oort Cloud ◽  
Observational Evidence ◽  
The Sun ◽  
First Passage ◽  
Radiation Mechanism ◽  
Original Surface ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
First Time ◽  
Stellar Perturbations

Some problems of the current interpretation of the Oort Cloud are discussed. If observational selection is taken into account, no significant difference in physical characteristics of old and new comets is apparent, in spite of the required change in the radiation mechanism after the first passage near the Sun. The abundance of new comets puts special requirements on the relative size of the perihelion distances at which they lose their orbital characteristics and original surface properties, respectively. Stellar perturbations do not seem to be effective enough to displace the perihelia of new comets in a single revolution from the zone of insignificant planetary perturbations into the zone of detectability. Therefore, many physically new comets should appear as dynamically old, which is at variance with observational evidence. It is speculated whether the Oort Cloud really represents a reservoir of comets passing near the Sun for the first time or, alternatively, a region where the capability of building up extensive comas is being restored within periods of the order of 106 to 107 years.

scholarly journals An investigation of the absorption spectra of water and ice, with reference to the spectra of the major planets

1928 ◽  
Vol 120 (785) ◽  
pp. 296-302 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
Atomic Hydrogen ◽  
Solar Spectrum ◽  
High Dispersion ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Weak Band ◽  
General Similarity ◽  
Dense Band

The spectra of the light of the sun reflected from the major planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune—were photographed by Slipher in 1909. These spectra showed a general similarity in that there were a number of absorption bands superimposed on the ordinary solar spectrum. The intensity and width of these absorptions varied from planet to planet, increasing in general from Jupiter to Neptune in the order quoted. Of the chemical identity of the bands little is known. Some—C and F, fig. 4, for example—can be attributed to absorption by atomic hydrogen in the atmospheres of the planets; others might be due to water-vapour, though other water-vapour bands do not appear. The outstanding unidentified bands which are common to the spectra of the four planets are (see fig. 4, Plate 10):— ( a ) At λ = 5430 Å.—A rather weak band in the spectra of Jupiter and Saturn, but very strong in those of Uranus and Neptune. ( b ) At λ = 6190 Å.—This is the mid-point of a conspicuous and dense band appearing in the spectra of all the four planets, broadening from a width of some 50 Å in that of Jupiter to some 200 Å in that of Neptune. Although quite strong in the spectrum of Jupiter, it showed no tendency to become resolved in the high dispersion plates taken of the spectrum of this planet. ( c ) A strong double band at λ = 7200 to 7260 Å recorded in the spectra of Saturn and Jupiter, and probably just as strong in those of Uranus and Neptune, but not recorded because of the insensitiveness of the plates in this region.

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