The influence of temperature and osmotic stress on the development and eclosion of hookworm eggs

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard E. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Ancylostoma Ceylanicum ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Ionic Changes ◽  
Hyperbolic Form ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Developmental Parameter

ABSTRACTTime lapse video micro recording techniques have been used to investigate the development and eclosion of Ancylostoma ceylanicum and A. tubaeforme eggs under a range of temperature and osmotic conditions. Over the range 15 to 35°C increasing temperature resulted in decreased development time, the hyperbolic form of the curve being similar to that found by other workers. The adoption of a developmental parameter to mark the start of timing provided more reproducible results than previously reported. Osmotic stress in the range 0·600 mOsM/kg provided by a number of inorganic salts and organic sugars increased hatching time but did not greatly reduce the percentage that hatched. There was no correlation between the ionic composition of the solution and its effect on the eggs. Solutions of EDTA, carbonates and iodides markedly reduced hatching. Behavioural studies of the pre-hatched larvae suggested that the eggs were permeable and susceptible to osmotic and ionic changes early in their development and well before they were ready to hatch. No appreciable differences were found between the two species of hookworm investigated.

scholarly journals Osmotic Stress or Ionic Composition: Which Affects the Early Growth of Crop Species More?

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 435
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Ludwiczak ◽  
Monika Osiak ◽  
Stefany Cárdenas-Pérez ◽  
Sandra Lubińska-Mielińska ◽  
Agnieszka Piernik
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Ionic Salt

Salinization is a key soil degradation process. An estimated 20% of total cultivated lands and 33% of irrigated agricultural lands worldwide are affected by high salinity. Much research has investigated the influence of salt (mainly NaCl) on plants, but very little is known about how this is related to natural salinity and osmotic stress. Therefore, our study was conducted to determine the osmotic and ionic salt stress responses of selected C3 and C4 cultivated plants. We focused on the early growth stages as those critical for plant development. We applied natural brine to simulate natural salinity and to compare its effect to NaCl solution. We assessed traits related to germination ability, seedlings and plantlet morphology, growth indexes, and biomass and water accumulation. Our results demonstrate that the effects of salinity on growth are strongest among plantlets. Salinity most affected water absorption in C3 plants (28% of total traits variation), but plant length in C4 plants (17–27%). Compensatory effect of ions from brine were suggested by the higher model plants’ growth success of ca 5–7% under brine compared to the NaCl condition. However, trait differences indicated that osmotic stress was the main stress factor affecting the studied plants.

Changes in Vascular Ionic Composition at Different Stages of DOC-Salt Hypertension in the Rat

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Villamil ◽  
C. Amorena ◽  
J. Ponce ◽  
A. Müller ◽  
A. C. Taquini
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Single Mechanism ◽  
Inulin Space ◽  
Salt Hypertension ◽  
Ionic Changes ◽  
Total Sodium

1. Sequential changes in the ionic composition of the aorta and skeletal muscle were followed during 1, 2 and 4–6 weeks in 30 rats given deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and salt supplemented with potassium chloride. Twenty-one rats, drinking water, were used as controls. 2. Twenty-five per cent of the test rats were hypertensive after 1 week, 60% after 2 weeks and 100% after 4–6 weeks. 3. Muscle potassium fell in all test rats by an average of 15%. In contrast, aortic potassium fell by 19% only in those rats which did not develop hypertension after 1 week. 4. Total and non-inulin sodium and water of the aorta were normal in rats which remained normotensive after 1 or 2 weeks and high in those which became hypertensive during the same period. 5. Total sodium and water content of the aorta were also high in rats which were hypertensive at 4–6 weeks. However, because of simultaneous expansion of the inulin space, non-inulin fractions were normal in this group. 6. Results suggest that vascular ionic changes participate in the pathogenesis of DOC-salt hypertension through more than a single mechanism.

Some embryogenic responses of mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus (L.) (Cyprinodontidae), to continuous incubation in various combinations of temperature and salinity

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 920-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Tay ◽  
E. T. Garside
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface ◽  
Surface Analysis ◽  
Fundulus Heteroclitus ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Embryonal Development ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Retarding Effect ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Embryos of mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus (L.), were incubated in various combinations of constant salinity (0, 10, 20, 30, 60‰ S) and temperature (15, 20, 25, 30C) from fertilization to completion of hatching. In all instances, the velocity of embryonal development was accelerated at higher temperatures. In salinities of 0, 10, 20, 30‰, higher temperature had a similar accelerating effect on developmental rate throughout the embryonal term. However, the highest salinity (60‰) retarded embryonal development particularly after neurulation. This retarding effect increased with the increasing temperature. The onset of hatching and 50% hatching time were also retarded in 60‰ S. Embryos hatched with difficulty in the lowest incubation combination, 0‰ S, 15C. This observation is discussed in the light of pertinent literature.Highest percentage total hatch and viable (normal) hatch were obtained at 20C in all test salinities. Response surface analysis showed that optimum conditions for survival for mummichog embryos appeared to be associated with salinities and temperature of 19–20‰ and 18C.Larval length was greatest in groups incubated at 15 and 20C and 0–30‰ S.

Permeability changes in the egg-shell of hookworms during development and eclosion

Parasitology ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Surface Active Agent ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Ancylostoma Ceylanicum ◽  
Permeability Changes ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Time Lapse Video

SUMMARYThe development and hatching of Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Ancylostoma tubaeforme eggs in a range of potentially inimical solutions has been examined using time-lapse video micro-recording techniques. In all compounds tested the larvae developed to the active pretzel stage. The inception of activity resulted in an increase in shell permeability to water and small molecules. In anthelmintics of molecular weight (Mr) 400 development continued normally until about the time that control eggs hatched, when there was a marked decrease in larval activity and eclosion did not occur. The addition of a low Mr surface-active agent potentiated the effect of the anthelmintic and caused larval activity to be lost earlier. The calcium inhibitor lanthanum chloride affected larval development rather than eclosion. Large Mr compounds did not affect either development or hatching and the results suggest that the egg-shell may act as a form of sieve, allowing the essential oxygen to reach the developing larva while excluding large potentially dangerous molecules. No appreciable differences were found between the two species of hookworm examined.

Effects of temperature and food on instar development rates of Boeckella symmetrica Sars (Copepoda : Calanoida)

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 927 ◽  
Author(s):  
IO Woodward ◽  
RWG White
Keyword(s):  
Food Availability ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Development Rates ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The effects of temperature and food availability on rates of instar development of B. symmetrica are described. Increasing temperature decreased total development time. There may be evidence of a compensatory plateau for development rates between 15 and 20�C. A reduced food supply reduced development rates of the instars. Females generally developed more slowly than males.

scholarly journals Effect of cations and temperature on kinetics of desmin assembly

1987 ◽  
Vol 246 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
M H Stromer ◽  
M A Ritter ◽  
Y Y Pang ◽  
R M Robson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Intermediate Filaments ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Filament Assembly ◽  
Bivalent Cations ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Consistent Tendency

Smooth-muscle desmin, which was isolated from avian gizzard, was purified and used to form reconstituted intermediate filaments. Filament assembly was done in the presence of physiological cations, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and Na+ plus Mg2+, and with non-physiological cations Cu2+ and Ni2+. Assembly was done at 2 degrees, 22 degrees and 37 degrees C, and was monitored by absorbance and by electron microscopy. Absorbance increased most rapidly during the first 2-5 min and then increased at a slower rate with the physiological cations, but decreased after that time with the non-physiological cations. For each physiological cation, absorbance increased with increasing temperature. This was particularly evident with Ca2+, which produced the lowest absorbance at 2 degrees C and the highest at 37 degrees C. When ionic strength was comparable, filament-forming buffers that contained bivalent cations were associated with higher absorbance values. Filament diameters were significantly smaller 60 min after assembly initiation than after 5 min. Average filament diameters, when formed in the presence of Cu2+ or Ni2+, were 10% greater than in the presence of the physiological cations and did not show a consistent tendency to decrease as time increased. These results demonstrate the importance, not only of the pH and ionic composition of the filament-forming buffer, but also of the temperature and duration of dialysis for reconstitution of desmin filaments.

Changes in vascular ionic content and distribution across aortic coarctation in the dog

1975 ◽  
Vol 228 (4) ◽  
pp. 1087-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
MF Villamil ◽  
J Matloff
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Coarctation ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Consistent Finding ◽  
Ionic Content ◽  
Femoral Arteries ◽  
Ionic Changes ◽  
Coarctation Of Thoracic Aorta ◽  
Intravascular Pressure

Eight dogs were subjected to 80-90 percent coarctation of thoracic aorta, which produced a mean blood pressure gradient of 40 mmHg; six normal dogs were used as controls. Proximal aorta was compared with distal aorta, and carotid and femoral arteries removed after coarctation were compared against the contralateral vessels removed before coarctation. After 4 wk of coarctation, proximal aorta contained more total and intracellular Na (derived from 24Na fluxes and space measurements), more Mg, Cl, hydrolyzable SO4 equals to, and H2O than distal aorta. Hydrolyzable SO4 equals to was also higher in proximal than in distal noncoarcted aorta. Carotid arteries removed after coarctation had higher total and "noninulin" Na, higher Ca, and similar hydrolyzable SO4equals to and total hexosamine than the contralateral normal vessels. Aortic coarctation had no effect on ionic composition of femoral arteries. The data suggest that an increase in intravascular pressure has direct effects on vascular ionic composition. Although ionic changes may vary in different vessels, increased intracellular Na seems to be the most consistent finding.

Effect of an abnormal first cleavage on embryonic development: time-lapse video analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. S245-S246
Author(s):  
S. Watanabe ◽  
M. Kamihata ◽  
R. Matsunaga ◽  
A. Kuwahata ◽  
M. Ochi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Video Analysis ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Time Lapse Video

scholarly journals Wing plastic response to temperature variation in two distantly related neotropical Drosophila species (Diptera, Drosophilidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waira Saravia Machida ◽  
Rosana Tidon ◽  
Julia Klaczko
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Variation ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Wing Size ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Neotropical Species ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Phenotypic plasticity has been described for morphological and life-history traits in many organisms. In Drosophila, temperature drives phenotypic change in several traits, but few neotropical species have been studied and whether the phenotypic variation associated with plasticity is adaptive remains unclear. Here, we studied the phenotypic response to temperature variation in the distant related neotropical species Drosophila mercatorum (Patterson and Wheeler, 1942) and Drosophila willistoni (Sturtevant, 1916). We evaluate if wing shape variation follows that observed in the neotropical species Drosophila cardini (Sturtevant, 1916): round wings at lower temperatures and narrower wings at higher temperatures. The variation in egg-adult development time and wing size, shape, and allometry was described using reaction norms and geometric morphometrics. In both species, development time and wing size decreased with increasing temperature and wing allometry showed that size explained ≈10% of the shape variation. Wing shape, however, exhibited contrasting responses. At higher temperatures, D. mercatorum developed slightly slender wings, following the pattern previously found for D. cardini, while D. willistoni developed plumper and shorter wings, supporting previous studies on Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830). We conclude that all traits studied here were influenced by temperature, and that wing shape seems also to be influenced by phylogeny.

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