Helminth parasites of finfish commercial aquaculture in Latin America

2016 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.C. Soler-Jiménez ◽  
A.I. Paredes-Trujillo ◽  
V.M. Vidal-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Important Group ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Intensive Fish Culture ◽  
Available Information

AbstractLatin America has tripled production by aquaculture up to 78 million tonnes in the past 20 years. However, one of the problems that aquaculture is facing is the presence of helminth parasites and the diseases caused by them in the region. In this review we have collected all the available information on helminths affecting commercial aquaculture in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), emphasizing those causing serious economic losses. Monogeneans are by far the most common and aggressive parasites affecting farmed fish in LAC. They have been recognized as serious pathogens in intensive fish culture because they reach high levels of infection rapidly, and can infect other phylogenetically related fish species. The next most important group comprises the larval stages of digeneans (metacercariae) such asDiplostomumsp. andCentrocestus formosanus, which cause serious damage to farmed fish. Since LAC aquaculture has been based mainly on exotic species (tilapia, salmon, trout and carp), most of their parasites have been brought into the region together with the fish for aquaculture. Recently, one of us (A.I.P.-T.) has suggested that monogeneans, which have generally been considered to be harmless, can produce serious effects on the growth of cultured Nile tilapia. Therefore, the introduction of fish together with their ‘harmless’ parasites into new sites, regions or countries in LAC should be considered a breakdown of biosecurity in those countries involved. Therefore, the application of quarantine procedures and preventive therapeutic treatments should be considered before allowing these introductions into a country.

La brecha de ciberseguridad en América Latina frente al contexto global de ciberamenazas

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-43
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Aguilar Antonio
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cyber Threats ◽  
Latin America And Caribbean ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

This research is based on the hypothesis that the governments of Latin America and the Caribbean are lagging behind in the construction of cyber defense capabilities to face the international context of cyber threats, with respect to the member countries of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), both in the organizational plan, as in the individual. To prove this statement, the text is divided into six sections. The first part presents the global environment of cyber threats, the economic losses suffered by governments and companies according to reports from information security firms such as Kaspersky, Microsoft, Verizon and International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). The second part presents the internet securitization process, the immersion of cybersecurity in national security studies, and the definition of cyber capabilities and the delimitation of threats to the Nation-State from cyberspace are addressed. The third part shows the trajectory of NATO as an organization in the development of cyber capabilities in the last twenty years. In the fourth part, a set of National Cybersecurity Strategies (ENCS) of NATO countries and allies is analyzed from the individual level, from which their main elements are extracted and their general anatomy is outlined. In the sixth part, an approach to different regional or global cybersecurity environments is presented based on measurements of the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI), of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), and the National Cyber Security Index (NSCI) of the Estonian E-Governance Academy. The fifth section presents the context of cybersecurity in Latin America and the Caribbean, according to studies made by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the Organization of American States (OAS), as well as private cybersecurity firms. In the sixth, two case studies of Mexico, from the 2019-2020, are briefly presented, which represent the lack of maturity of its ENCS and development of cyber capabilities, an aspect that it shares with most of the countries of Latin America and Caribbean. Finally, brief conclusions are presented on the aspects to be strengthened by the region.

THE RACIAL UNCONSCIOUS OF ASSIMILATION THEORY1

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moon-Kie Jung
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Assimilation Theory ◽  
Segmented Assimilation ◽  
Oppositional Culture ◽  
National Belonging ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Caribbean

AbstractIn the past two decades, migration scholars have revised and revitalized assimilation theory to study the large and growing numbers of migrants from Latin America, Asia, and the Caribbean and their offspring in the United States. Neoclassical and segmented assimilation theories seek to make sense of the current wave of migration that differs in important ways from the last great wave at the turn of the twentieth century and to overcome the conceptual shortcomings of earlier theories of assimilation that it inspired. This article examines some of the central assumptions and arguments of the new theories. In particular, it undertakes a detailed critique of their treatment of race and finds that they variously engage in suspect comparisons to past migration from Europe; read out or misread the qualitatively different historical trajectories of European and non-European migrants; exclude native-born Blacks from the analysis; fail to conceptually account for the key changes that are purported to facilitate “assimilation”; import the dubious concept of the “underclass” to characterize poor urban Blacks and others; laud uncritically the “culture” of migrants; explicitly or implicitly advocate the “assimilation” of migrants; and discount the political potential of “oppositional culture.” Shifting the focus fromdifferencetoinequalityanddomination, the article concludes with a brief proposal for reorienting our theoretical approach, fromassimilationto thepolitics of national belonging.

scholarly journals China-Latin America and the Caribbean Relationships: History, Aspects and Implications

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Emilio Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First World ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

According to reports from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), in 2014, China became the first world power ousting the United States. This growth implies the need for access to a large amount of energy resources and raw materials. While in the past China was able to be self-sufficient, this is now impossible because the difference between what China consumes and what it produces is widening. For this reason, it is necessary for Beijing to carry out foreign relationships and policies that will enable it to meet its own needs. It is in Africa and in Latin America and the Caribbean where, over the last few decades, China has focused and directed its foreign policy. The aim of this paper is to provide a historical overview of the relations between<br />China and Latin America and the Caribbean, to<br />analyze the different aspects into which they are<br />divided, to identify similarities and differences<br />between China's relationships with Africa and<br />with Latin America and to assess the implications<br />that these relationships could have for other<br />countries and regions of the world.

scholarly journals Usefulness for surveillance of hypertension prevalence studies in Latin America and the Caribbean: the past 10 years

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa S. Burroughs Peña ◽  
Carmen Verônica Mendes Abdala ◽  
Luis Carlos Silva ◽  
Pedro Ordúñez
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Hypertension Prevalence ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Caribbean

Involvement of the food industry in nutrition conferences in Latin America and the Caribbean

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Mélissa Mialon ◽  
Ángela Jaramillo ◽  
Patricia Caro ◽  
Mauricio Flores ◽  
Laura González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Exhibition Space ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Nutrition And Dietetics ◽  
Extensive Involvement

Abstract Objective: Identify and characterise the food industry’s involvement in nutrition and dietetics national and regional events in Latin America and the Caribbean. Design: Between February and April 2020, we conducted desk-based searches for nutrition and dietetics events held in the region between January 2018 and December 2019. Online freely accessible, publicly available information was collected on the involvement of the food industry through: sponsorship of events; sponsorship of sessions; speakers from the food industry; scholarships, fellowship, grants, awards and other prizes and; exhibition space/booths. Setting: Nutrition and dietetics events in Latin America and the Caribbean. Results: Thirty-one events held in twenty countries of the region had information publicly available online at the period of data collection. There was a lack of transparency on the involvement of industry actors in these events. When information was publicly available, we found that a total of ninety-two food industry actors sponsored 88 % of these events. Conclusions: There is a mostly unreported, but likely extensive, involvement of food industry actors in nutrition and dietetics events in Latin America and the Caribbean.

The Concept of the Caribbean in the Latin American Policy of the United States

1973 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-308
Author(s):  
Harold Molineu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
The Past ◽  
Caribbean Area ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Armed Intervention ◽  
Special Region

During the past twenty years, the United States has been involved in three cases of armed intervention in Latin America: Guatemala in 1954, Cuba in 1961, and the Dominican Republic in 1965. In addition, there was the naval blockade and possibility of intervention in Cuba in 1962 during the missile crisis. Each of these episodes occurred in the Caribbean region (defined as including those areas either in or adjacent to the Caribbean Sea). There were no similar armed interventions elsewhere in Latin America during this period, and in fact, all of the incidents of United States armed intervention in the Twentieth Century have taken place in the Caribbean area. Therefore, in its actions in Latin America, the United States appears to distinguish between the Caribbean area and the rest of the continent. The Caribbean is treated as a special region where military intervention is apparently more justifiable than elsewhere in Latin America. Only in the area outside the Caribbean has Washington found it possible to abide by its inter-American treaty commitments to nonintervention.

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