Clinical nutritional surveys Relationship between observed signs

The findings of clinical nutrition surveys of 3351 children aged 8–15 years and of 3326 adults, of both sexes, were analysed statistically to ascertain the relationship existing between nutritional grade (good, fair and poor) and the incidence of a variety of clinical signs (pityriasis, folliculosis, gingivitis, etc.) observed at the time of the medical examination but not taken into account in grading the subjects according to their state of nutrition.The analysis showed negligible correlations between the clinical signs singly and collectively and the clinician's nutritional grade. Further, when we compared the incidence of each clinical sign and the nutritional state as a combination of all the clinical signs (i.e. the general nutritional factor), there was negligible agreement as shown by the low general factor saturation coefficients, thus suggesting that the presence of these signs is not a dependable expression of the general state of nutrition.A special clinical survey of 1067 children was carried out to provide data which would throw light on the relationship between the criteria (posture, muscular development, etc.) which the clinician consciously takes into account but does not as a rule record in deciding the nutritional grade, and the nutritional grade itself. The grading criteria in the survey were separately assessed and recorded and so also were the usual clinical signs (pityriasis, gingivitis, etc.).For the grading criteria there was a high degree of correlation between each one and the nutritional grade and also between each one and the combined pool of all the criteria. The clinical signs showed only negligible correlations with each other, with the nutritional grade or with any of the grading criteria.It would seem, therefore, that nutritional assessment as at present understood is determined mainly by the value placed on the grading criteria (posture, muscular development, etc.), and to a negligible extent or not at all by the presence or absence of clinical signs (pityriasis, folliculosis, gingivitis, etc.).

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Factor analysis as an aid to nutritional assessment

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0022172400013140 ◽

1944 ◽

Vol 43 (6) ◽

pp. 395-399 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

W. H. Hammond

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

General Health ◽

Nutritional Assessment ◽

Practical Importance ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Nutritional State ◽

Nutritional Deficiencies ◽

General Factor ◽

Health State

1. The problem of assessing nutritional stateThis paper emphasizes the need for measurement in diagnosis and recognizes two distinct problems, those of:(a) Diagnosing specific diseases in the sense of distinct pathological conditions.(b) Assessing general malconditions where there is no sharp dividing line between the normal and the subnormal.It suggests a programme of research designed to overcome some of the difficulties inherent in (b) in the case of nutritional assessment.2. Establishing general health standardsThe first requirement is the scientific standardization of the elements making up the concept of health and good physique. This is a complex matter requiring all the help which statistical procedures can give. Moreover, we must check the reliability of the assessors and the indicators which they use before we can place any reliance on results purporting to relate to the population studied.Provisionally we begin by collecting a battery of indicators of general health; each is then given a graded assessment for each child (and the assessment is repeated to obtain its reliability), and by employing the statistical device of factor analysis we can determine what combination of symptoms will give the highest agreement with the criterion of general health abstracted from these individually imperfect measures. We are actually making explicit the stages which are normally telescoped in the method of ‘general impression’ (which is the method usually adopted in assessing general health, state of nutrition, etc., despite evidence of its unreliability). In this method a number of individual characteristics are fused together without ensuring that different observers will attach equal importance to the signs or even that they will take into account the same ones. The emphasis to be given to each symptom in the final mark is determined statistically by its agreement with the aggregate result. Some indicators may give results so unrelated to the others that they must be eliminated. Other tests, whether physiological, functional or anatomical, may later be added to the battery to reinforce it. A point of practical importance is that some readily assessable symptom or index may be found which gives results in close enough agreement with those of the standard battery to enable it to be used as a substitute, thus shortening the task of diagnosis without appreciably lessening its accuracy.An alternative criterion could, as we have seen, be the weighted combination of doctors' assessments, for by weighting the results according to each doctor's agreement with his colleagues we were able to increase the agreement between the team result and the hypothetical true mark. However, since the ordinary methods of assessment are unreliable, even the pooled results of the team do not give as good a standard as the standardized battery of tests.A third standard is sometimes possible in the form of an objective accurately measurable physiological laboratory test or anatomical index. If this is inconvenient to apply generally, any single symptom or pool may be tested by correlation with it to see if the agreement is close enough for practical purposes.3. Study of more specific nutritional defectsFactor analysis can be used to discover and assess more limited similarities than those covering the whole range of observers or test symptoms. For example, the doctors tended to show group affinities (depending possibly on their different emphasis in diagnosis) in addition to their somewhat low general conformity. Applying similar analytic methods to the study of symptoms, we might isolate specific nutritional deficiencies or it is possible that group factors may be revealed corresponding to the effects of recent or early adverse nutritional conditions respectively.Whilst the examples of analytic techniques have here been applied to illustrative cases in nutritional and general health assessment, they are equally applicable to other fields of medicine, in particular to endocrinology and to the study of predisposing conditions of disease.My thanks are due to Prof. Burt and Dr E. H. Wilkins for their suggestions for modifying my original draft. However, this in no way commits them to agreement with the views expressed here.[Note added in Proof.] Since writing this article I have had an opportunity of correlating and analysing some results of nutritional surveys involving clinical and biochemical signs of malnutrition. The evidence so far obtained indicates a rather weak general factor for clinical signs identifiable with general nutritional state. I hope to be able to give the full results when the material becomes available for publication.

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The Relationship Between Performance on the Multi-Focus Assessment Scale and Functional Status

Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement ◽

10.1017/s0714980800015373 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 33-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

H. Tuokko ◽

D. Crockett ◽

S. Holliday ◽

M. Coval

Keyword(s):

Discriminant Validity ◽

Function Analysis ◽

Assessment Scale ◽

General Factor ◽

Assessment Clinic ◽

Extended Care ◽

Random Samples ◽

Independent Functioning ◽

High Degree ◽

The Relationship

AbstractThis study examined the discriminant validity of the Multi-focus Assessment Scale (MAS). The MAS was administered to three groups of older adults varying in ability to live independently: Extended Care in-patients; Assessment Clinic out-patients; and independently functioning elderly. Analysis of variance showed strong group differences on all of the scales. Discriminant function analysis indicated that the MAS variables predicted group membership with a high degree of accuracy. Replications using random samples indicated the accuracy rates were stable. It was argued that cases of misclassification were largely due to overlap between subgroups of Extended Care and Assessment Clinic patients in terms of their capacity to engage in independent functioning. Also addressed in this study was the identification of variables on the MAS critical to independent functioning. The results indicated that there was a general lowering of functioning rather than specific patterns of preserved strengths or deficits. This was consistent with the presence of a general factor. The need for additional normative data for the MAS was discussed.

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TO STUDY THE DYNAMICS OF IMMUNITY IN BLACK-AND-WHITE COWS DEPENDING ON AGE

Molochnoe i miasnoe skotovodstvo ◽

10.33943/mms.2020.33.88.011 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 49-52

Author(s):

М.В. ДОВЫДЕНКОВА

Keyword(s):

Bactericidal Activity ◽

Phagocytic Activity ◽

Physiological State ◽

Age Groups ◽

Statistical Processing ◽

Natural Resistance ◽

Black And White ◽

Feeding Methods ◽

High Degree ◽

The Relationship

Проведена статистическая обработка сформированной базы данных показателей неспецифической резистентности MS «Excel» с целью изучения динамики иммунитета по параметрам бактерицидной, лизоцимной и фагоцитарной активности у крупного рогатого скота черно-пестрой породы разных возрастов. Было установлено, что средние значения показателей лизоцимной и бактерицидной активности у телят в 6 мес были ниже (47,89% и 49,09%, соответственно), чем у животных в 3—4 года (53,75% и 52,81%). Выведено уравнение регрессии, описывающее взаимосвязь между средними показателями фагоцитарной активности и возрастом при высокой степени достоверности (R2=0,90). Изменения лизоцимной и бактерицидной активности в зависимости от возраста были недостоверными (R2=0,58 и R2=0,49, соответственно). Установлена высокая корреляция между бактерицидной и лизоцимной активностью. Отмечена динамика изменения неспецифического иммунитета у коров различных возрастных групп. Создание баз данных и постоянный мониторинг основных показателей естественной резистентности в зависимости от различных факторов (породы, возраста, стадий лактации, кормления, способов содержания), которые влияют на данные показатели, необходимо для оценки физиологического состояния организма животных и их устойчивости к болезням. Statistical processing of the generated MS "Excel" on indicators of non-specific resistance database was carried out with the aim of studying the dynamics of the development of immunity in terms of bactericidal, lysozyme and phagocytic activity in black-and-white cattle of different ages. It was found that the average values of indicators of lysozyme and bactericidal activity in calves at 6 months were lower (47.89% and 49.09%, respectively) than in animals at the age of 3—4 years (53.75% and 52.81%). The equation of regression was derived, it describes the relationship between the average indicators of phagocytic activity and the age with a high degree of reliability (R2=0.90). The changes in lysozyme and bactericidal activity depending on age were dubious (R2=0.58 and R2=0.49, respectively). The high correlation between bactericidal and lysozyme activity was established. It was noticed that the cows of different age groups experienced the dynamics of changes in nonspecific immunity. The creation of databases and constant monitoring of the main indicators of natural resistance, depending on various factors (breed, age, stages of lactation, feeding, methods of keeping) that affect these indicators, is necessary for assessing the physiological state of the animals’ body of and their resistance to diseases.

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Advertising Media Impact in Consumer Buying Behavior

Journal of Balkumari College ◽

10.3126/jbkc.v8i0.29310 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 54-56

Author(s):

Ashmita Dahal Chhetri

Keyword(s):

Consumer Behavior ◽

Young Male ◽

Electronic Media ◽

Buying Behavior ◽

Media Impact ◽

High Degree ◽

The Impact ◽

Buying Behaviors ◽

The Relationship ◽

Better Than

Advertisements have been used for many years to influence the buying behaviors of the consumers. Advertisements are helpful in creating the awareness and perception among the customers of a product. This particular research was conducted on the 100 young male and female who use different brands of product to check the influence of advertisement on their buying behavior while creating the awareness and building the perceptions. Correlation, regression and other statistical tools were used to identify the relationship between these variables. The results revealed that the relationship between media and consumer behavior is positive. The adve1tising impact on sales and there is positive and high degree relationship between advertising and consumer behavior. The impact on advertising of a product of electronic media is better than non-electronic media.

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Glycogenolytic rates and cAMP in livers of rats running at different treadmill speeds

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1983.245.3.r353 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 245 (3) ◽

pp. R353-R356

Author(s):

W. W. Winder ◽

M. A. Beattie ◽

E. O. Fuller

Keyword(s):

Liver Glycogen ◽

Work Rate ◽

Curvilinear Relationship ◽

Camp Concentration ◽

Running Speed ◽

Cyclic Monophosphate ◽

High Degree ◽

The Relationship ◽

Camp Levels ◽

Liver Glycogenolysis

The purposes of this study were to determine the effect of different work rates on the rate of liver glycogenolysis and to determine the relationship between liver adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) levels and the glycogenolytic rate. Rats were run at treadmill speeds ranging from 10 to 34 m/min up a 15% grade for either 30 or 60 min. Both the magnitude of the decrease in liver glycogen and the increase in hepatic cAMP were dependent on the running speed and the duration of running. At the highest work rate a disproportionate acceleration in the liver glycogenolytic rate was observed compared with that at lower work loads, thus resulting in a curvilinear relationship between work rate and liver glycogenolytic rate. A high degree of correlation was found between the liver glycogenolytic rate and hepatic cAMP concentration (r = 0.98). This observation is consistent with the idea that hepatic glycogenolytic rates are determined by cAMP-mediated mechanisms.

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Acute otitis media in an infant complicated with osteoarthritis of temporomandibular joint and sub-periosteal abscess of the clavicle

The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology ◽

10.1186/s43163-021-00123-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kaoutar Cherrabi ◽

Hind Cherrabi

Keyword(s):

Septic Arthritis ◽

Temporomandibular Joint ◽

Nutritional Assessment ◽

Acute Otitis Media ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Rare Condition ◽

Pediatric Emergency ◽

Ear Infections ◽

The Right

Abstract Background Otomastoiditis is a very frequent affection and a current complication of mal-treated benign ear infections in children. However, this a very rare case of the association of two rare complications of otomastoiditis in a newborn. On the one hand, septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint which is a very rare condition that is difficult to diagnose, and when unrecognized or not treated accordingly, it can resolve in serious infectious complication and or definitive injury to the temporomandibular joint. On the other hand, osteomyelitis of the clavicle is also very rare, and only a few cases have been cited in the literature concerning infants. Case presentation This 46-day-old infant was brought to pediatric emergency consultation for 2 swelling inflammatory bulges, one in the right mastoid and pre-auricular regions, and another in the right basi-cervical area. The infant was hypertrophic febrile, hypotonic, and pale. He had preserved archaic reflexes. Besides, blood test showed an inflammatory syndrome, inflammatory anemia, and no other abnormalities. Upon supplementary computed tomodensitometry exam, the diagnosis of a combination of septic arthritis of the right temporomandibular joint and sub-periosteal abscess of the ipsilateral clavicle in a context of hypotrophy and malnutrition was suspected. A pus sample was obtained for bacteriological evaluation, after which the infant had a course of intravenous associated antibiotics, along with nutritional assessment and management. Surgical drainage of both collections was performed. The 6-month follow-up was satisfactory, without clinical signs of functional impact on temporomandibular joint, or acromioclavicular joint. Conclusion This work stresses the necessity of thorough clinical examination of infants even in cases of benign ear infections, as well as the importance of adapted treatment and follow-up, which could allow early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, or even prevention of severe complications that can be associated with such benign conditions.

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Sino-Japanese Reactive Diplomacy as Seen Through the Interplay of the Belt Road Initiative (BRI) and the Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision (FOIP)

China Report ◽

10.1177/0009445520984735 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 7-21

Author(s):

Stephen Nagy

Keyword(s):

Matrix Analysis ◽

State Sovereignty ◽

Pacific Region ◽

Legal Perspective ◽

Road Maps ◽

Process Oriented ◽

Development Trajectories ◽

High Degree ◽

The Relationship

The Indo-Pacific region is now home to at least two competing regionalism road maps, China’s Belt Road Initiative (BRI) and Japan’s Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision (FOIP). Through comparing their respective development trajectories, this article examines the relationship between these two regionalisation initiatives. Key lines of enquiry include the following: Is the interaction between the BRI and the FOIP Vision reactive, proactive or both? Why has each initiative changed its trajectory? How can we characterise these competing initiatives? This article employs a regionalism matrix analysis that compares two different approaches, integration from a ‘rational-legal perspective’ with an emphasis on broad cooperation and state sovereignty from a ‘process-oriented perspective’ with a focus on exact goals. It finds that the BRI focuses on both a high degree of state sovereignty based on a ‘process-oriented perspective’ and exact cooperation. In contrast, FOIP stresses integration through a ‘rational-legal perspective’, broad cooperation and a shared rules-based order. Furthermore, there is a reactive interplay between these two regionalism frameworks that shapes their orientation and influences their focus.

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When Religion Hurts: Structural Sexism and Health in Religious Congregations

American Sociological Review ◽

10.1177/0003122421996686 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 000312242199668

Author(s):

Patricia Homan ◽

Amy Burdette

Keyword(s):

General Social Survey ◽

State Level ◽

Religious Participation ◽

Religious Institutions ◽

Religious Congregations ◽

Positive Health ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Positive Health Outcomes ◽

High Degree ◽

The Relationship

An emerging line of research has begun to document the relationship between structural sexism and health. This work shows that structural sexism—defined as systematic gender inequality in power and resources—within U.S. state-level institutions and within marriages can shape individuals’ physical health. In the present study, we use a novel dataset created by linking two nationally representative surveys (the General Social Survey and the National Congregations Study) to explore the health consequences of structural sexism within another setting: religious institutions. Although religious participation is generally associated with positive health outcomes, many religious institutions create and reinforce a high degree of structural sexism, which is harmful for health. Prior research has not reconciled these seemingly conflicting patterns. We find that among religious participants, women who attend sexist religious institutions report significantly worse self-rated health than do those who attend more inclusive congregations. Furthermore, only women who attend inclusive religious institutions exhibit a health advantage relative to non-participants. We observe marginal to no statistically significant effects among men. Our results suggest the health benefits of religious participation do not extend to groups that are systematically excluded from power and status within their religious institutions.

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