scholarly journals The Conditions of Temperature and Humidity of the Air between the Skin and Shirt of Man

1932 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Mellanby
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Cent Relative Humidity

Methods for measuring the temperature and humidity of the air beneath the shirt are described.Conditions of temperature and humidity under the shirt are described, for a resting person, with external temperatures varying between 0° C. and 41° C., under different atmospheric humidities. The air beneath the shirt varied between 23° C. and 37° C., and 23 and 70 per cent. relative humidity. The saturation deficiency of the air beneath the shirt varied very little—only between 13 and 18 mm.—in all the observations taken.I am indebted to Dr P. A. Buxton for many helpful suggestions and for reading the manuscript. Also to Prof. G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., for drawing my attention to literature on the earlier work.

Memoirs: The Early Embryonic Development of Rhodnius Prolixus (Hemiptera, Heteroptera)

1935 ◽  
Vol s2-78 (309) ◽  
pp. 71-90
Author(s):  
HELEN MELLANBY
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Rhodnius Prolixus ◽  
Posterior Pole ◽  
Early Embryonic Development ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Cent Relative Humidity

1. Eggs of Rhodnius prolixus were incubated at constant temperature and humidity (21° C. and 90 per cent, relative humidity). Eighty-five per cent, was the lowest record of the controls hatched successfully under these conditions. 2. The processes of maturation and fertilization were not studied. 3. Cleavage begins 12-13 hours after incubation. At 25 hours there are 32 nuclei. Yolk-cells are derived from cleavage nuclei, and they multiply by mitosis up to 50 hours. Blastoderm formation is complete after 55-60 hours of incubation. 4. The ventral embryonic rudiment is similar to that of many other insects. As soon as it is formed, germ-cells are budded off at the posterior pole of the egg. 5. The first stage in blastokinesis is fully described. 6. The formation of the mesoderm is by invagination and overgrowth. 7. The endoderm arises from two proliferating areas situated anteriorly and posteriorly. 8. Numerous cells are given off into the yolk during the early development of the embryo. There they disintegrate.

Importance of Temperature and Humidity Control in Rubber Testing. II—Resistance to Abrasion

1929 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 680-697
Author(s):  
W. A. Gibbons ◽  
J. M. Bierer ◽  
E. R. Bridgewater ◽  
D. F. Cranor ◽  
C. R. Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Experimental Error ◽  
Negligible Effect ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Humidity Control ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Constant Relative Humidity ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Cent Relative Humidity ◽  
Great Error

Abstract This study shows that in determining resistance to abrasion the temperature of the room or cabinet should be controlled within ± 1 ° C. in order to avoid significant errors in the results from this source. Below are shown the percentage differences per degree Centigrade obtained with each of the stocks. It must be remembered that this probably holds only over the range of temperatures studied and might change rapidly outside of this range. As the temperature changes from 15 ° C. to 35 ° C., the resistance to abrasion changes per degree Centigrade in the following manner: In the light of the present investigation there will be no great error in results caused by differences in relative humidity either with the raw or vulcanized stock. Where laboratories are equipped to condition raw and vulcanized stock for stress-strain tests, it appears that it would be advisable also to condition samples for determining resistance to abrasion. It would at least tend to produce more nearly uniform results by eliminating possible sources of small errors. As the relative humidity during exposure of raw stock increases from 10 per cent to 100 per cent, the resistance to abrasion per 1 per cent relative humidity changes roughly in the following manner: As these variations are small compared with the experimental error, it is evident that if the relative humidity does not vary over too wide a range its effect may be neglected. The temperature of storing the cured samples while maintaining a constant relative humidity has a negligible effect as in the case of relative humidity. As the temperature increases the resistance to abrasion per degree changes in the following manner:

Effect of a Filter Cover on Temperature and Humidity in a Mouse Cage

1968 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Simmons ◽  
D. M. Robie ◽  
J. B. Jones ◽  
L. J. Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Fibrous Filter ◽  
Water Filter ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Cent Relative Humidity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Heat And Moisture

To determine how a filter cap affects the heat and moisture build-up in a mouse cage, and how that build-up is affected by ambient conditions of temperature and relative humidity, 50 adult female mice were housed 10 per cage in polycarbonate cages, which were covered with a fibrous filter and sealed with a neoprene gasket and hold-down rod. The cages were placed in a chamber which controlled ambient temperature and humidity. Observations were made at 1°F intervals of temperature (68–74°F, 19.9–23.3°C) and at three different relative humidities (40, 55, and 70 per cent). Every 24 hours the chamber conditions were changed, and cages, bedding, water, filter caps, and food were replaced. Three sensors suspended just under the filter cover measured temperature and humidity and transmitted the data to a recorder. The first reading was taken after a 3-hour equilibraiion period, then every 3 hours until the next day's change. By measuring the average temperature and humidity, it was possible to study the differences between cage and ambient conditions. At 68°F (19.9°C) and 40 per cent relative humidity, the mean conditions in the cages were 72°F (22.2°C) and 50 per cent; at the upper limit of 74°F (23.3 °C) and 70 per cent, the mean cage conditions were 78°F (25.5°C) and 75 per cent.

Importance of Temperature and Humidity Control in Rubber Testing. Progress Report of the Physical Testing Commitee, Rubber Division, A.C.S. (Dated Dec. 8, 1927)

1928 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-191
Author(s):  
J. E. Partenheimer ◽  
E. R. Bridgwater ◽  
D. F. Cranor ◽  
E. B. Curtis ◽  
J. W. Schade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Physical Testing ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Cent Relative Humidity ◽  
Physical Tests ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Mixed Stock ◽  
Testing Room

Abstract The purpose of the work which this committee has undertaken is to determine the effect of the variables which influence the results of physical tests on rubber. The investigation has proven that variations in temperature which may occur from day to day in an uncontrolled testing room may affect the physical tests to as great a degree as a 25 to 40 per cent change in the time of cure, while relative humidity affects the results to only a minor degree. Furthermore, variations in the absolute humidity of the room in which the unvulcanized rubber is stored between the time of mixing and the time of curing may affect the tensile strength and modulus of rubber compounds to as great a degree as does the temperature after curing. It is, therefore, apparent that laboratory tests which are conducted under uncontrolled conditions of temperature and humidity may give highly erroneous results and may even give misinformation which is worse than no information at all. The committee, therefore, recommends that mixed stock prior to curing and cured stock prior to testing be conditioned for not less than twenty-four nor more than twenty-eight hours at 82 deg. F. ± 2 deg. and 45 per cent relative humidity ± 3 per cent and that the testing room be maintained at 82 deg. F. ± 2 deg. If a temperature of 82 deg. F. cannot be maintained for conditioning the mixed stock prior to curing, the committee recommends a relative humidity corresponding to the temperature used which gives an absolute humidity equal to that obtained under the former conditions. The temperature of the testing room should be controlled within the above stated limits, but it is not necessary to control the humidity of the entire room. A small conditioning cabinet in which the standard humidity is maintained has been found to be sufficient.

Multi-lamellar organization of fully deuterated lipid extracts of yeast membranes

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 3167-3176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Gerelli ◽  
Alexis de Ghellinck ◽  
Juliette Jouhet ◽  
Valérie Laux ◽  
Michael Haertlein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Small Momentum Transfer ◽  
Lipid Species ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Temperature And Humidity

Neutron scattering studies on mimetic biomembranes are currently limited by the low availability of deuterated unsaturated lipid species. In the present work, results from the first neutron diffraction experiments on fully deuterated lipid extracts from the yeastPichia pastorisare presented. The structural features of these fully deuterated lipid stacks are compared with those of their hydrogenous analogues and with other similar synthetic systems. The influence of temperature and humidity on the samples has been investigated by means of small momentum-transfer neutron diffraction. All of the lipid extracts investigated self-assemble into multi-lamellar stacks having different structural periodicities; the stacking distances are affected by temperature and humidity without altering the basic underlying arrangement. At high relative humidity the deuterated and hydrogenous samples are similar in their multi-lamellar arrangement, being characterized by two main periodicities of ∼75 and ∼110 Å reflecting the presence of a large number of polar phospholipid molecules. Larger differences are found at lower relative humidity, where hydrogenous lipids are characterized by a larger single lamellar structure than that observed in the deuterated samples. In both cases the heterogeneity in composition is reflected in a wide structural complexity. The different behaviour upon dehydration can be related to compositional differences in the molecular composition of the two samples, which is attributed to metabolic effects related to the use of perdeuterated growth media.

Experimental Study on Hygroscopicity of Rapeseed (Brassica Napus)

2012 ◽  
Vol 479-481 ◽  
pp. 2275-2278
Author(s):  
Ming Jin Yang ◽  
Wu Ming Xu ◽  
Tian Tang ◽  
Ling Yang ◽  
Feng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Critical Relative Humidity ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Higher Temperature

The hygroscopicity property of the rapeseed at different temperature and humidity was experimental studied in this paper. Tested results show that: the moisture absorption rates increase with the increase of relative humidity at the early period of absorption, and higher temperature leads to earlier reach of moisture equilibrium; the critical relative humidity(CRH) increases with the increase of temperature; the optional relative humidity for safety storage of rapeseed should be controlled less than 60%.

Studies on Theocolax formiciformis Westw. (Hym., Pteromalidae), a parasite of Anobium punctatum (Deg.) (Col., Anobiidae)

1964 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean M. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Wood Surface ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Glass Plate ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Cent Relative Humidity ◽  
Anobium Punctatum

A description is given of the life-cycle in Britain of Theocolax formiciformis Westw. (Pteromalidae), a parasite of Anobium punctatum (Deg.) (Anobiidae). Adults emerge from infested wood in large numbers from April to June. Eggs are laid through the wood surface and use was made of this habit as a means of rearing this parasite under observation in the laboratory. Anobium larvae were placed individually in channels gouged in the surface of 3-inch squares of plywood. They were covered with tracing paper and the parasites were caged on this by means of a glass ring covered with a glass plate. Development from egg to adult at 22 and 25°C., and 75 per cent, relative humidity, averaged about five and six weeks, respectively, compared with 12 weeks outdoors in summer. The number of progeny per female was highest (approximately five) at 22°C., at which the ratio of males to females was 1:3. Only about one per cent, of the adults reared were winged. The use of Theocolax as a biological-control agent is not considered practical.

scholarly journals The Effect of Temperature and Humidity May Reduce the Growth Rate of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Epidemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Qin ◽  
Qiang Sun ◽  
Jiani Shao ◽  
Yang Chen ◽  
Xiaomei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Scatter Plots ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
Average Relative Humidity ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background: The effects of temperature and humidity on the epidemic growth of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)remains unclear.Methods: Daily scatter plots between the epidemic growth rate (GR) and average temperature (AT) or average relative humidity (ARH) were presented with curve fitting through the “loess” method. The heterogeneity across days and provinces were calculated to assess the necessity of using a longitudinal model. Fixed effect models with polynomial terms were developed to quantify the relationship between variations in the GR and AT or ARH.Results: An increased AT dramatically reduced the GR when the AT was lower than −5°C, the GR was moderately reduced when the AT ranged from −5°C to 15°C, and the GR increased when the AT exceeded 15°C. An increasedARH increased theGR when the ARH was lower than 72% and reduced theGR when the ARH exceeded 72%.Conclusions: High temperatures and low humidity may reduce the GR of the COVID-19 epidemic. The temperature and humidity curves were not linearly associated with the COVID-19 GR.

scholarly journals A new temperature- and humidity-dependent surface site density approach for deposition ice nucleation

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 3703-3717 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Steinke ◽  
C. Hoose ◽  
O. Möhler ◽  
P. Connolly ◽  
T. Leisner
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Active Surface ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Nucleation Theory ◽  
Classical Nucleation Theory ◽  
Aerosol Size Distribution ◽  
Surface Site ◽  
Linear Behavior ◽  
Temperature And Humidity

Abstract. Deposition nucleation experiments with Arizona Test Dust (ATD) as a surrogate for mineral dusts were conducted at the AIDA cloud chamber at temperatures between 220 and 250 K. The influence of the aerosol size distribution and the cooling rate on the ice nucleation efficiencies was investigated. Ice nucleation active surface site (INAS) densities were calculated to quantify the ice nucleation efficiency as a function of temperature, humidity and the aerosol surface area concentration. Additionally, a contact angle parameterization according to classical nucleation theory was fitted to the experimental data in order to relate the ice nucleation efficiencies to contact angle distributions. From this study it can be concluded that the INAS density formulation is a very useful tool to describe the temperature- and humidity-dependent ice nucleation efficiency of ATD particles. Deposition nucleation on ATD particles can be described by a temperature- and relative-humidity-dependent INAS density function ns(T, Sice) with ns(xtherm) = 1.88 ×105 · exp(0.2659 · xtherm) [m−2] , (1) where the temperature- and saturation-dependent function xtherm is defined as xtherm = −(T−273.2)+(Sice−1) ×100, (2) with the saturation ratio with respect to ice Sice >1 and within a temperature range between 226 and 250 K. For lower temperatures, xtherm deviates from a linear behavior with temperature and relative humidity over ice. Also, two different approaches for describing the time dependence of deposition nucleation initiated by ATD particles are proposed. Box model estimates suggest that the time-dependent contribution is only relevant for small cooling rates and low number fractions of ice-active particles.

scholarly journals Trends in continental temperature and humidity directly linked to ocean warming

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (19) ◽  
pp. 4863-4868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Byrne ◽  
Paul A. O’Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Moisture Transport ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Atmospheric Dynamics ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Moist Static Energy ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Static Energy

In recent decades, the land surface has warmed substantially more than the ocean surface, and relative humidity has fallen over land. Amplified warming and declining relative humidity over land are also dominant features of future climate projections, with implications for climate-change impacts. An emerging body of research has shown how constraints from atmospheric dynamics and moisture budgets are important for projected future land–ocean contrasts, but these ideas have not been used to investigate temperature and humidity records over recent decades. Here we show how both the temperature and humidity changes observed over land between 1979 and 2016 are linked to warming over neighboring oceans. A simple analytical theory, based on atmospheric dynamics and moisture transport, predicts equal changes in moist static energy over land and ocean and equal fractional changes in specific humidity over land and ocean. The theory is shown to be consistent with the observed trends in land temperature and humidity given the warming over ocean. Amplified land warming is needed for the increase in moist static energy over drier land to match that over ocean, and land relative humidity decreases because land specific humidity is linked via moisture transport to the weaker warming over ocean. However, there is considerable variability about the best-fit trend in land relative humidity that requires further investigation and which may be related to factors such as changes in atmospheric circulations and land-surface properties.

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