scholarly journals Antibody response following smallpox vaccination and revaccination

1969 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Downie ◽  
L. St Vincent ◽  
A. R. Rao ◽  
C. H. Kempe
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Service ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Past History ◽  
World Health ◽  
Smallpox Vaccination ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
The Past ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health Organization

SUMMARYThree groups of post-vaccination sera were studied for vaccinial antibody by precipitation, haemagglutinin-inhibition, complement-fixation and neutralization tests. All sera were negative by precipitation and many by haemagglutinin-inhibition and complement-fixation tests, but most showed neutralizing activity at serum dilutions of 1/10 or higher. The differences in antibody titres between the three groups of sera were most probably related to the past history of revaccination.This investigation was supported in part by Public Health Service Grant AI–1632–16 VR from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, by the World Health Organization and by the Marcus T. Reynolds III Fund.

scholarly journals Conjunctivitis and subclinical infection in smallpox

1969 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Kempe ◽  
F. Dekking ◽  
L. St Vincent ◽  
A. R. Rao ◽  
A. W. Downie
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Service ◽  
Acute Stage ◽  
World Health ◽  
Variola Virus ◽  
Subclinical Infection ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Close Family ◽  
Or History

SUMMARYAttempts were made to demonstrate variola virus in the conjunctival exudate of 84 smallpox patients who developed conjunctivitis in the acute stage of the illness or during convalescence. Variola virus was isolated from 60 but not from the remaining 24. Of the 64 from whom virus was isolated the conjunctivitis developed from the onset up to the 15th day of illness. From conjunctivitis developing later virus was not recovered. In some patients who developed conjunctivitis early in the disease we failed to recover virus from the conjunctival exudate.Of 55 close family contacts who stayed in hospital with smallpox patients four developed smallpox. In 21, conjunctivitis but no other illness developed. From 12 of these, variola virus was recovered from the conjunctival exudate and four of these 12, who were further investigated, showed after the appearance of conjunctivitis antibody titres similar to those seen in typical smallpox cases. From nine of the contacts who developed conjunctivitis virus was not recovered. One of these had antibody titres in serum collected before the onset of conjunctivitis which indicated recent smallpox infection. In another there was a marked antibody rise during her hospital stay although examination of conjunctival exudate on three separate occasions failed to yield variola virus. Twenty-six family contacts who developed no illness in hospital had antibody determinations made on sera collected soon after admission to hospital. In eight of these antibody titres were such as to indicate recent smallpox infection although there were no signs, in the form of scarring, or history of recent smallpox infection. These findings have been discussed in relation to the occurrence of minimal and subclinical infection in close family contacts of smallpox patients.This investigation was supported in part by Public Health Service Grant AI–1632–16 VR from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, by the World Health Organization and by the Marcus T. Reynolds III Fund.

scholarly journals Death of the King: The Introduction of Vaccination into Nepal in 1816

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Heydon
Keyword(s):  
Communicable Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Smallpox Vaccination ◽  
Communicable Disease Control ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Early Appearance ◽  
Colonial Authority ◽  
History Of ◽  
Global Eradication ◽  
Health Organization

This article explores the introduction of smallpox vaccination into Nepal in 1816 at the request of the Nepalese government; the king, however, was not vaccinated, contracted the disease and died. British hopes that vaccination would be extended throughout the country did not eventuate. The article examines the significance of this early appearance of vaccination in Nepal for both Nepalese and British, and relates it to the longer history of smallpox control and eventual eradication. When the Nepalese requested World Health Organization (WHO) assistance with communicable disease control in the mid-twentieth century little had changed for most Nepalese. We know about the events in 1816 through the letters of the newly imposed British Resident after Nepal’s military defeat in the Anglo-Nepal War (1814–16). By also drawing on other sources and foregrounding Nepal, it becomes possible to build up a more extensive picture of smallpox in Nepal that shows not only boundaries and limits to colonial authority and influence but also how governments may adopt and use technologies on their own terms and for their own purposes. Linking 1816 to the ultimately successful global eradication programme 150 years later reminds us of the need to think longer term as to why policies and programmes may or may not work as planned.

scholarly journals Intellectual disability in India: the evolving patterns of care

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-31
Author(s):  
Satish Chandra Girimaji
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Indian Literature ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Government Benefits

Intellectual disability was recognised in ancient Indian literature, but organised services have a history of just five decades. India shares many features of low- and middle-income (LAMI) countries regarding intellectual disability. There is a low level of awareness about its nature, causes and interventions. One can come across many superstitions, myths and misconceptions about intellectual disability. In general, services are inadequate, being concentrated in big cities and urban areas. There is generally limited access to support services and few government benefits, and these, in any case, are often of little value (World Health Organization, 2007). Locally and nationally, there are few relevant and reliable epidemiological data on the prevalence of intellectual disability. However, there have been some positive developments within the past three decades, and they are the focus of this paper.

The New World Health Organization

1947 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter R. Sharp
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Entire Family ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Health Action ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Function

The signing of the Constitution for a World Health Organization, on 22 July 1946 in New York City, is likely to be a landmark in the history of international cooperation for public health and medicine. At this ceremony the representatives of sixty-one nations affirmed their intention of bringing all inter-governmental health action under the aegis of a single agency which, it is hoped, will soon embrace the entire family of states. The new “Magna Carta” of health envisages an organization far wider in scope and function than any previous undertaking in this sphere of international collaboration. Still more significant is the new approach to the problem of disease embodied in the WHO Constitution—an approach which takes full cognizance of the revolutionary advances of the past decade in preventive and curative medicine.

scholarly journals Haemorrhagic smallpox

1969 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Downie ◽  
D. S. Fedson ◽  
L. St Vincent ◽  
A. R. Rao ◽  
C. H. Kempe
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Public Health Service ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Soluble Antigen ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Fixation Technique ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Health Organization

SUMMARYIn practically all acute fulminating smallpox infections—haemorrhagic type I cases—there is severe viraemia with 104 or more infective particles of virus per ml. of blood. In most of these patients soluble antigen can be demonstrated in serum by precipitation in agar gel tests, or by the complement-fixation technique. In late haemorrhagic cases (type II) the degree of viraemia is less and soluble antigen is less often demonstrated in the blood. Five of forty type II patients recovered. The majority of the 77 patients studied were adults and bore scars of previous vaccination. Thirteen were pregnant women and 10 of these suffered from type I infections.The antibody response in patients who survived 6 days or longer as determined by the estimation of precipitins, CF antibodies and neutralizing antibodies in serum, was considerably less than that seen in non-haemorrhagic smallpox patients.In acute fulminating smallpox infections, the finding of virus or soluble antigen in the blood is of value in establishing the diagnosis. Soluble antigen is usually found in the blood of patients suffering from severe viraemia and with the methods used has been demonstrated only in patients who are to die of their disease. Haemorrhagic smallpox represents a generalized virus infection of unusual severity in patients who show little resistance to their infection. The cause of this unusual susceptibility is unknown but there is little evidence that specific allergy to the virus is a feature of this form of the disease.This investigation was supported in part by Public Health Service Grant AI–1632–16 VR from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, by the World Health Organization and by the Marcus T. Reynolds III Fund.

Organization of restrictive quarantine measures to prevent especially dangerous infections

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Petr Ilyin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
International Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire History ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Former Ussr ◽  
Health Regulations

Especially dangerous infections (EDIs) belong to the conditionally labelled group of infectious diseases that pose an exceptional epidemic threat. They are highly contagious, rapidly spreading and capable of affecting wide sections of the population in the shortest possible time, they are characterized by the severity of clinical symptoms and high mortality rates. At the present stage, the term "especially dangerous infections" is used only in the territory of the countries of the former USSR, all over the world this concept is defined as "infectious diseases that pose an extreme threat to public health on an international scale." Over the entire history of human development, more people have died as a result of epidemics and pandemics than in all wars combined. The list of especially dangerous infections and measures to prevent their spread were fixed in the International Health Regulations (IHR), adopted at the 22nd session of the WHO's World Health Assembly on July 26, 1969. In 1970, at the 23rd session of the WHO's Assembly, typhus and relapsing fever were excluded from the list of quarantine infections. As amended in 1981, the list included only three diseases represented by plague, cholera and anthrax. However, now annual additions of new infections endemic to different parts of the earth to this list take place. To date, the World Health Organization (WHO) has already included more than 100 diseases in the list of especially dangerous infections.

Gambaran Pengetahuan Remaja Tentang Ca Serviks Dan Perilaku Pencegahan Ca Serviks Di Sma Negeri Tebing Tinggi Empat Lawang Tahun 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuni Kurniati Yuni Kurniati
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cervical Cancer Incidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unhealthy Diet ◽  
Birth Control Pills ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACT   According to the World Health Organization (WHO), every two minutes a woman dies of cervical cancer in develoving countries. In Indonesia, new cases of cervical cancer is 40-45 cases of day. It is estimated every hour, a women died of cervical center. At the general hospital center Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang, the incidence of women who had cervical cancer incidence year 2011 women who had cervical cancer incidence are 34 people (48,2%). The following factors increase the chance of cervical cancer in women is infection of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), sexsual behavior, family history of cervical cancer, age, mechanism of how oral contraceptives, smoking, income or socioeconomic status, race , unhealthy diet, the cell abnormal, parity, use of the drug DES (Dietilsbestrol), and birth control pills. The purpose of this study is known of adolescents about cervical cancer in SMA Tebing Tinggi Empat Lawang year 2016. This study used Analytic Survey with Cross Sectional approach. The population in this study were all young women students in SMA Tebing Tinggi Empat Lawang with the number of 171 respondents. The results showed there were 171 respondents (37.5%) of respondents were knowledgeable, and (62.52%) of respondents who are knowledgeable unfavorable. These results indicate that knowledgeable either less than those less knowledgeable in both the SMA Tebing Tinggi Empat Lawang Year 2016. From these results, it is expected that more teens can know about cervical cancer so that it can add a lot of insight and knowledge.     ABSTRAK   Menurut data World Health Organization (WHO), setiap dua menit wanita meninggal dunia karena kanker serviks dinegara berkembang. Di Indonesia, kasus baru kanker serviks 40-45 kasus perhari. Di perkirakan setiap satu jam, seorang perempuan meninggal dunia karena kanker serviks. Di rumah sakit umum pusat Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang, angka kejadian ibu yang mengalami kanker serviks pada tahun 2011 ibu yang mengalami kejadian kanker serviks terdapat 34 orang (48,2%). Faktor-faktor berikut meningkat kan peluang kanker serviks pada wanita yaitu infeksi Human Papiloma virus (HPV), perilaku seks, riwayat keluarga kanker serviks, umur ,mekanisme bagaimana kontrasepsi peroral, merokok, pendapatan atau status social ekonomi, ras, diet tidak sehat, adanya sel abnormal, paritas, menggunakan obat DES (Dietilsbestrol),dan pil KB. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah Diketahuinya pengetahuan remaja tentang Ca Cerviks di SMA Negeri Tebing Tinggi Empat Lawang Tahun 2016. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey  analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah semua siswi remaja putri di SMA Negeri Tebing Tinggi Empat Lawang dengan jumlah 171 responden.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari 171 responden terdapat(37.5 %) responden yang berpengetahuan baik, dan (62.52  %) responden yang berpengetahuan kurang baik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa yang berpengetahuan baik lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan  yang berpengetahuan kurang baik di SMA Negeri Tebing Tinggi Empat Lawang Tahun 2016. Dari hasil penelitian ini, Diharapkan remaja bisa lebih banyak mengetahui tentang caserviks sehingga dapat menambah banyak wawasan dan pengetahuan.    

scholarly journals Morphological Characteristics, Classifications and Difficulties in the Use of Diagnostic Criteria for Serrated Lesions of the Large Intestine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar de Souza Bastos Junior ◽  
Vera Lucia Nunes Pannain ◽  
Adriana Caroli-Bottino
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
World Health ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Serrated Adenoma ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Serrated Lesions ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Introduction Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the most common gastrointestinal neoplasm in the world, accounting for 15% of cancer-related deaths. This condition is related to different molecular pathways, among them the recently described serrated pathway, whose characteristic entities, serrated lesions, have undergone important changes in their names and diagnostic criteria in the past thirty years. The multiplicity of denominations and criteria over the last years may be responsible for the low interobserver concordance (IOC) described in the literature. Objectives The present study aims to describe the evolution in classification of serrated lesions, based on the last three publications of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the reproducibility of these criteria by pathologists, based on the evaluation of the IOC. Methods A search was conducted in the PubMed, ResearchGate and Portal Capes databases, with the following terms: sessile serrated lesion; serrated lesions; serrated adenoma; interobserver concordance; and reproducibility. Articles published since 1990 were researched. Results and Discussion The classification of serrated lesions in the past thirty years showed different denominations and diagnostic criteria. The reproducibility and IOC of these criteria in the literature, based on the kappa coefficient, varied in most studies, from very poor to moderate. Conclusions Interobserver concordance and the reproducibility of microscopic criteria may represent a limitation for the diagnosis and appropriate management of these lesions. It is necessary to investigate diagnostic tools to improve the performance of the pathologist's evaluation, for better concordance, and, consequently, adequate diagnosis and treatment.

A Framework Convention on Alcohol Control: Getting Concrete about Its Contents

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Robin ROOM ◽  
Jenny CISNEROS ÖRNBERG
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Alcohol Industry ◽  
Alcohol Control ◽  
The World ◽  
Draft Convention ◽  
History Of ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Narcotic Drugs

This article proposes and discusses the text of a Framework Convention on Alcohol Control, which would serve public health and welfare interests. The history of alcohol’s omission from current drug treaties is briefly discussed. The paper spells out what should be covered in the treaty, using text adapted primarily from the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, but for the control of trade from the 1961 narcotic drugs treaty. While the draft provides for the treaty to be negotiated under the auspices of the World Health Organization, other auspices are possible. Excluding alcohol industry interests from the negotiation of the treaty is noted as an important precondition. The articles in the draft treaty and their purposes are briefly described, and the divergences from the tobacco treaty are described and justified. The text of the draft treaty is provided as Supplementary Material. Specification of concrete provisions in a draft convention points the way towards more effective global actions and agreements on alcohol control, whatever form they take.

scholarly journals Tobacco Control in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Changing the Present to Help the Future

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 187-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany Hipple Walters ◽  
Ionela Petrea ◽  
Harry Lando
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Vulnerable Children ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Second Hand Smoke Exposure ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Low And Middle Income

While the global smoking rate has dropped in the past 30 years (from 41.2% of men in 1980 to 31.1% in 2012 and from 10.6% of women in 1980 to 6.2% in 2012), the number of tobacco smokers has increased due to population growth (Ng et al., 2014). This tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure continue to harm people worldwide. Those harmed are often vulnerable: children, those living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), those with existing diseases, etc. As noted by the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 80% of those who smoke live in a LMIC (World Health Organization, 2017). Furthermore, it is often those who are more socio-economically disadvantaged or less educated in LMICs that are exposed to second-hand smoke at home and work (Nazar, Lee, Arora, & Millett, 2015).

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