scholarly journals Argument ellipsis in Colloquial Singapore English and the Anti-Agreement Hypothesis

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
YOSUKE SATO
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Recent Theory ◽  
Argument Position ◽  
Comparative Syntax ◽  
Argument Ellipsis ◽  
Principled Explanation ◽  
The Subject

This paper provides new data from Colloquial Singapore English (CSE) showing a hitherto unnoticed subject–object asymmetry: empty objects, but not empty subjects, exhibit sloppy/quantificational readings. According to a recent theory of argument ellipsis in Japanese/Korean (Oku 1998; S. Kim 1999; Takahashi 2007, 2008a, b, 2010), these readings obtain as a result of the LF-Copy of an overt argument from a full-fledged clause onto the corresponding empty argument position in an elliptical clause. Şener & Takahashi (2010) and Takahashi (2010) hypothesize that this operation is blocked by ϕ-agreement. This hypothesis provides a principled explanation for the subject–object asymmetry in CSE, coupled with the new observation that primary substrates of CSE – Mandarin, Cantonese, Hokkien and Malay – exhibit the same asymmetry as CSE. My analysis has significant implications for the comparative syntax of argument ellipsis and for theories of contact genesis. Among others, the analysis supports the claim (Miyagawa 2010) that Chinese possesses ϕ-agreement despite the lack of morphological manifestations. The results in this paper also provide strong evidence for the general substratist explanation on the emerging grammar of CSE (Bao 2005).

Some Observations in a Case of Acoustic Neuroma

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shlomo Silman ◽  
Stanley A. Gelfand ◽  
Tong Chun
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing Loss ◽  
Acoustic Neuroma ◽  
Recent Theory ◽  
Acoustic Neuromas ◽  
Apparent Relationship ◽  
Stapedius Reflex ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Acoustic Tumor ◽  
Insight Into

The subject was a 47-year-old male with a moderate asymmetrical sensorineural hearing loss that initially presented cochlear signs except for positive stapedius reflex results. Over the course of only five weeks, he developed the audiological constellation of retrocochlear involvement. The retrocochlear results were confirmed by the removal of an acoustic tumor. The results highlight the importance of audiological monitoring and reflex measures in the identification of acoustic neuromas. Several observations provide insight into the apparent relationship between loudness and the stapedius reflex. The findings are discussed with reference to a proposed extension of Borg’s recent theory that elevated reflex thresholds and reflex decay reflect differing degrees of the eighth nerve destruction.

Fine structural evidence for the penetration of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi through the gut and salivary tissues of Ixodes dammini

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 1737-1748 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Zung ◽  
S. Lewengrub ◽  
M. A. Rudzinska ◽  
A. Spielman ◽  
S. R. Telford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Microscopic Study ◽  
Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Transovarial Transmission ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
The Subject

The route followed by the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi as it passes from vector to host has been the subject of controversy over whether the spirochete is transmitted through the saliva of the tick or through regurgitation during feeding. In the event that the spirochete's presence in the salivary tissues is transient we employed a detailed electron microscopic study spanning the period of nymphal attachment to the host to determine whether B. burgdorferi invades the salivary acini and ducts. In addition we examined other tissues of the tick to determine the route and mode of migration. Two different groups of nymphs were used in this study. After feeding, spirochetes were found in both groups in the gut lumen, epithelium, and within the salivary glands and ducts. Borrelia is able to pass both inter- and intra-cellularly through these tissues. In one group of unfed nymphs Borrelia was limited to the gut lumen, whereas the second group demonstrated a disseminated infection. This difference might be due to transovarial transmission, the geographic origin, and (or) age of the ticks. The finding of Borrelia within the salivary glands and ducts provides strong evidence for the salivary transmission of the Lyme disease spirochete.

scholarly journals note on bare-passives in (selected) Bantu and Western Nilotic Languages

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 160-182
Author(s):  
Fatima Hamlaoui
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Strategy ◽  
Semantic Role ◽  
Argument Position ◽  
Thematic Role ◽  
Bantu Languages ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
Left Dislocation ◽  
Place Holder ◽  
Passive Strategies ◽  
The Subject

In the present paper, we concentrate on (selected) Bantu and Nilotic bare-passive strategies and lay out the basis for a typology of transitive passive constructions in these languages. We argue that bare-passives constitute an optimal strategy to change prominence relations between arguments, in languages that strongly hold to the default mapping between the highest thematic role available and the grammatical subject (i.e. Spec,TP). The Nilotic and Bantu languages discussed here differ in their way of satisfying this default mapping. In particular, impersonal bare-passives satisfy it by resorting to an agentive place-holder (an indefinite subject marker) and realizing the logical agent as a lower thematic/semantic role (e.g. instrument or locative). Left-dislocation and so called 'subjectobject' reversal bare-passives realize the default matching between agent and subject in a more straightforward way, but locate the patient in a higher argument position within the inflectional domain (Spec,TopP). As argued in Hamlaoui and Makasso (2013) and Hamlaoui (2013), and in line with Noonan (1977), the present languages display a clauseinternal split between subjecthood (being the grammatical subject in Spec,TP) and topicality (being the subject of the predication, in an inflectional-domain internal Spec,TopP).  

scholarly journals Aurelia Mallya: Locative-subject alternation constructions in Kiwoso

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Aurelia Mallya
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Discourse Function ◽  
Verb Agreement ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Subject Agreement

Locative subject alternation constructions show variation within and across languages in terms of subject agreement pattern and the type of predicates involved. In Kiwoso, the preverbal locative DPs with and without locative morphology are best analysed as canonical subjects, as evidenced by the subject diagnostics, such as subject-verb agreement and its occurrence as a subject of passive verb and relative verb clauses. The examined examples demonstrate that the postverbal subject neither behaves like canonical subject nor shows features of canonical object in that it cannot passivize in alternation constructions or appear on the verb as an object marker (i.e., cannot be object marked). However, there is strong evidence to suggest that the preverbal locative (subject) DP in Kiwoso locative-subject alternation constructions is a grammatical subject. As in most languages, locative-subject constructions in Kiwoso serve a pragmatic-discourse function of presentational focus. The locative subject argument of the locative-subject alternation constructions is interpreted as a topic, whereas the postverbal thematic subject of these sentences is understood as focus. The postverbal subject provides information which is usually discourse new in relation to preverbal locative DPs. The data examined from Kiwoso challenges the view that formal and semantic locative inversions cannot co-exist in a single language.

scholarly journals Processing cataphors: Active antecedent search is persistent

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Giskes ◽  
Dave Kush
Keyword(s):  
Main Clause ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Sentence Completion ◽  
Main Subject ◽  
Argument Position ◽  
Object Position ◽  
Incremental Processing ◽  
Active Search ◽  
The Subject

AbstractCataphors precede their antecedents, so they cannot be fully interpreted until those antecedents are encountered. Some researchers propose that cataphors trigger an active search during incremental processing in which the parser predictively posits potential antecedents in upcoming syntactic positions (Kazanina et al., Journal of Memory and Language, 56[3], 384–409, 2007). One characteristic of active search is that it is persistent: If a prediction is disconfirmed in an earlier position, the parser should iteratively search later positions until the predicted element is found. Previous research has assumed, but not established, that antecedent search is persistent. In four experiments in English and Norwegian, we test this hypothesis. Two sentence completion experiments show a strong off-line preference for coreference between a fronted cataphor and the first available argument position (the main subject). When the main subject cannot be the antecedent, participants posit the antecedent in the next closest position: object position. Two self-paced reading studies demonstrate that comprehenders actively expect the antecedent of a fronted cataphor to appear in the main clause subject position, and then successively in object position if the subject does not match the cataphor in gender. Our results therefore support the claim that antecedent search is active and persistent.

Audio-Visual Case Methodology for Teaching Business in Virtual Campus

2010 ◽  
pp. 155-170
Author(s):  
Xavier M.Triadó Ivern ◽  
Pilar Aparicio Chueca ◽  
Natalia Jaría ◽  
Amal Elasri
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Student Motivation ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Virtual Campus ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Teaching Business ◽  
Case Methodology ◽  
The Subject

Henry Brubaker is a visual case used in different subjects in the area of business organization to delve into the subject of design and implementation of organizational structures. The projection to the students has been conducted by using different methodologies. The authors have already proven that the audiovisual case methodology is substantially related to the increases of student motivation not only to attend the lesson, but also to study the subject. It is not significant, moreover, that there is also a strong evidence for a positive correlation between the audiovisual case methodology used and improvements in the learning process. Likewise, the observations that the authors have collected so far suggest that this way of teaching fosters a better understanding of the theoretical concepts explained in the classroom.

Zeus in Aeschylus

1956 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 55-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Lloyd-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Human Spirit ◽  
Revolutionary Era ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Form ◽  
Prometheus Bound

After a hundred and thirty years of controversy, the interpretation of thePrometheus Boundis still the subject of debate. To the romantic poets of the revolutionary era, the Titan tortured by Zeus for his services to mankind appeared as a symbol of the human spirit in its struggle to throw off the chains which priests and kings had forged for it. But to the distinguished Hellenists who after the fall of Napoleon laid the foundations of the great century of German scholarship, no such naïve and one-sided view of thePrometheusseemed tolerable. It was partly, perhaps, that the political atmosphere discouraged an interpretation adverse to authority; but the other writings of Aeschylus himself seemed to offer strong evidence against this view. Elsewhere in Aeschylus, they could argue, Zeus was treated with profound respect. In theSupplices, he is continually appealed to by the chorus of Danaids, who miss no opportunity to extol the supremacy of his power. Zeus' omnipotence is the burden of a celebrated section of the first chorus of theAgamemnon; although scholars have differed widely in the details of their interpretation of this passage, most are agreed that it expresses theological doctrines that are at once subtle and sublime, and many have discovered profound significance in its puzzling allusions to ‘learning by suffering’ and to aχάριςthat comes to men from the gods. Chiefly upon evidence derived from these two plays, many scholars have credited their author with the invention of a peculiar personal religion, tending to exalt Zeus at the expense of the other members of the Olympic pantheon, and crediting him with the purpose of perfecting men in goodness through the discipline of suffering. Some have gone so far as to detect tendencies to monotheism in Aeschylus. A fair specimen of the usual kind of view is that of Nilsson, who begins by hesitating to pronounce Aeschylus a monotheist; Aeschylus, he warns us, is not a religious innovator preaching a new form of religion, but a profoundly pious poet; but later, he comes dangerously near to this view. The power of Zeus, he argues, is so much magnified that at one point he seems more a principle than a personal god.

The Use of Arabic and Roman Numerals in English Archives

1926 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Jenkinson
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
Present Writer ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Foreign Influence ◽  
Primitive Forms ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Late Fifteenth

This subject was not considered in any great detail in the work of Mr. Johnson and myself upon Court Hand because in the medieval period Arabic numerals do not appear to any considerable extent in English Archives—indeed their appearance there at any date before the late fifteenth century may be taken as fairly strong evidence of foreign influence—and concerning Roman numerals there was little to say. Moreover the subject had been recently dealt with by Dr. Hill. But in the period after 1500 Arabic figures begin slowly to fight their way into English Archives—i. e. into business writings; and since this (the Archive) class of documents is precisely that which was more or less closed to Dr. Hill it seems worth while to indicate in a preliminary sketch the types of document which may be of use to any student interested in further research along these lines; and to give the results of some tentative examination of them by the present writer, even when these are negative. The questions of interest are—where and when do Arabic figures make their entry into English Archives ? how far are they affected by being used in conjunction with the special Set Hands which were such a feature of Archive writing in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? how far do they retain any of the primitive forms ? and can these be used at all as criteria for dating ?

scholarly journals Dynamics and Trends in Vaccine Procurement and Distribution in Zimbabwe

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-75
Author(s):  
John P Maketo ◽  
Bismark Mutizwa
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Quality Information ◽  
Public Resource ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Developed Nations ◽  
Vaccine Shortages ◽  
Transparency And Accountability

The subject of COVID-19 vaccines has generated debate across the globe as it has created a fecund ground for a plethora of dynamics such as vaccine diplomacy, misinformation, and struggle for dominance among global powers to mention but a few. Thus, the vaccine subject has taken-center stage in global discourses, resulting in developing and developed nations experiencing challenges in respect to purchase, transparency, and accountability in the administration of vaccines. The subject of vaccines in Zimbabwe has provoked public skepticism indicative of the existing trust deficit between government and the citizens. This emanates from strong evidence of abuse of public resources and hence questions of transparency and accountability especially in relation to disaster situations. To this end, this paper seeks to bring to light the trends and dynamics in vaccine procurement and distribution in Zimbabwe. The study examines the correlation between vaccine diplomacy (donation-trap diplomacy) and vaccine purchases. A chronological analysis of the approved vaccines, rejection of Johnson and Johnson and sudden acceptance, natural resource implications of the donations from ALROSA, poor public resource management, vaccine shortages, vaccine misinformation and vaccine cheating. Possible ways of enhancing vaccine intake through quality information are also discussed and Zimbabwe`s performance against other African nations is examined. The research ends by proposing a series of questions which should be embraced to fully comprehend the trends and dynamics of vaccine procurement and distribution.

Towards a unified analysis of French floating quantifiers

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile De Cat
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Binding Theory ◽  
Argument Position ◽  
Indirect Object ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Government And Binding Theory ◽  
Floating Quantifiers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Floating Quantifier

In French, a quantifier can appear in various positions outside of the NP it quantifies over, whether this NP is the subject or the (direct or indirect) object of the sentence. This phenomenon, often referred to as ‘floating’, has been investigated since the early stages of the generative framework, and several analyses have been proposed to account for both the quantifier subject and the quantifier object in a unified way. However, to my knowledge, none of them has succeeded in providing such a unified account without recourse to non-explanatory restrictions. The main aim of this paper is to propose an analysis that does not require any such restrictions. The focus will be on anaphoric quantifiers (i.e. quantifiers that have to be linked to some other argument position in order to be interpretable), the analysis of which will be shown to extend straightforwardly to pronominal and adverbial quantifiers, according to the principles of Government and Binding theory.The study of floating quantifiers raises the broader question of how to account for locality requirements in a satisfactory way. Basically, there are two possible ways to account for the restrictions on the distribution of floating quantifiers: either they flow from derivational restrictions, or they are subject to representational restrictions. I will argue in favour of the latter.The analysis proposed here is essentially syntactic. However, reference will be made to the semantic interpretation of various structures: the position occupied by the floating quantifier at S-structure will be shown to constrain its interpretation. The semantics of floating quantifiers will however not be investigated beyond this.

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