Dynamics of the Definitions of Culture and Cultural Policy

The primary purpose of the article is to demonstrate non-sustainability of the definition of cultural policy in terms of its dynamic and positive development. For this very reason, within the initial phase, the historical change of the concept of culture related to the cultural policy and its essence were reconsidered. This is derived from the fact, that clarifies multidimensional understanding of culture as one of the underlying reasons for the complexity of cultural policy. The article covers historic and primitive forms of cultural management, until the time when, due to the importance of culture for the development of humanity, in the second half of the twentieth century, cultural policy has been internationally recognized by the states as an essential cultural management mechanism. Illustrating the abovementioned, the article envisages both historical as well as contemporary works dedicated to culture and cultural policy.

Digital 3D models of theropods for approaching body-mass distribution and volume

The aim of this work is to obtain diverse morphometric data from digitized 3D models of scientifically accurate palaeoreconstructions of theropods from eight representative families. The analysed polyvinyl chloride (PVC) models belong to the genera Coelophysis, Dilophosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Allosaurus, Baryonyx, Carnotaurus, Giganotosaurus, and Tyrannosaurus. The scanned 3D models were scaled considering different body-size estimations of the literature. The 3D analysis of these genera provides information on the skull length and body length that allows for recognition of major evolutionary trends. The skull length/body length in the studied genera increases according with the size of the body from the smallest Coelophysis with a ratio of 0.093 to ratios of 0.119–0.120 for Tyrannosaurus and Giganotosaurus, the largest study theropods. The study of photogrammetric 3D models also provides morphometric information that cannot be obtained from the study of bones alone, but knowing that all reconstructions begin from the fossil bones, such as the surface/volume ratio (S/V). For the studied theropod genera surface/volume ratio ranges from 35.21 for Coelophysis to 5.55 for Tyrannosaurus. This parameter, closely related to the heat dissipation, help in the characterization of the metabolism of extinct taxa. Accordingly, slender primitive forms of the Early Jurassic (i.e. Coelophysis and Dilophosaurus) had relatively smaller skulls and higher mass-specific metabolic rates than the robust large theropods of the Cretaceous (i.e. Giganotosaurus and Tyrannosaurus). This work presents a technique that, when applied to proper dinosaur models, provides extent and accurate data that may help in diverse study areas within the dinosaur palaeontology and palaeobiology.

ANALYSIS OF GYORGY LIGETI’S MUSICA RICERCATA: MOVEMENT I

Musica Ricercata is a piano piece written by György Sandor Ligeti, the composer of the 20th century. He composed this piece during his Hungarian period, which is considered to be Ligeti’s early period. Under the shadow of the censorship and pressure imposed on artists by cultural policies in Hungary, he tries to develop an innovative perspective. During this period Ligeti reimagining the main elements of music, such as sound, interval, melody and rhythm and composed the Musica Ricercata. The work consists of eleven movements and pitch class used in this work increases exponentially in each successive movement. In Movement I only one pitch class was used, except for the last four meassure, and the movement was shaped by the use of this pitch class in different ways. This study explores how the diversity in the Movement I of Musica Ricercata is achieved. To investigate this aim, after literature research and data collection, Movement I has been analyzed harmonically and technically; motivic and rhythmic studies are shown on the sheets. While doing this analysis, it was based on the pitch class and post-tonal theory terminology. Ligeti’s research on motive, register, articulation and rhythm, in order to eliminate the monotony, were examined. In addition to being limited and sequential, the structures created with certain materials were shown; and the primitive forms of the techniques such as rhythmic crescendo and static structures that the composer created in his later periods were determined. Keywords: György Sandor Ligeti, Musica Ricercata, contemporary piano music, pitch class

ANTHROPOSOCIAL EVOLUTION AND DEVOLUTION – OPPOSITE VECTORS OF BEING AND EDUCATION

The article presents an analysis of modern opposing concepts and ways of transforming a person and society. One group of concepts, reflecting the progressive evolution of man and society (Darwinism), was considered the most recognized in science until the end of the twentieth century. It proves the general progressive path of anthroposociogenesis. But since the second half of the twentieth century and at present, another, opposite group of concepts has become increasingly popular: devolution, or regressive ways of changing a person and society. According to her, anthroposocial life reaches a certain limit of development, and then there is a reverse process of degradation and primitivization up to the primitive forms of anthropoids and their social organization. The problem is considered in relation to education. The important role of education as personality perfection in these opposite processes is shown. It is substantiated that the primitivization and devaluation of education (training and upbringing) in modern society leads to the replacement of the vectors of anthropo-social transformations from progressive to regressive.

COMPETITIVE ANXIETY IN SPORTS. THE VIEW OF AN ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGIST

The success of sports activity in a competitive situation is largely determined by psychological readiness, how the athlete’s mental apparatus is configured, how much the athlete is able to cope with the challenges of a competitive situation, the mental mechanisms that the athlete uses to cope with anxiety. In the article, the situations of competitive difficulties are considered from the point of view of the theory of object relations, microdynamic shifts in the intrapsychic reality of an athlete. In a situation of increased anxiety and the difficulties of its processing, primitive mental defenses can be involved: splitting, idealization, projection, denial of external and internal reality, projective identification. Their most typical consequences are feelings of self-doubt, a decrease in the accuracy of understanding and anticipation of the opponent’s actions, a feeling of muscle stiffness, underestimation/ overestimation of the opponent, a decrease in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sports action. The article presents two cases of athletes of different sports qualifications, on the basis of which the manifestations and consequences of these primitive forms of protection are discussed. It also describes the specifics of the position of a psychologist in sports, the importance of understanding the mental reality of an athlete, the needs behind anxiety, as well as the need for help in integrating the “I”, despite the prevailing target orientation for a quick result.

Religion and primitive power in the concept of S. Freud

The article discusses the views of S. Freud on the connection of religion with primitive forms of power. The essence of his concept is revealed, according to which totemism, Judaism and Christianity symbolically reflect the act of parricide committed in the primitive horde. The concept of the neurotic origin of religion proposed by Freud is shown and analyzed. Freud’s ideas about the religious causes of anti-Semitism are given.

Synthetic connectivity, emergence, and self-regeneration in the network of prebiotic chemistry

The challenge of prebiotic chemistry is to trace the syntheses of life’s key building blocks from a handful of primordial substrates. Here we report a forward-synthesis algorithm that generates a full network of prebiotic chemical reactions accessible from these substrates under generally accepted conditions. This network contains both reported and previously unidentified routes to biotic targets, as well as plausible syntheses of abiotic molecules. It also exhibits three forms of nontrivial chemical emergence, as the molecules within the network can act as catalysts of downstream reaction types; form functional chemical systems, including self-regenerating cycles; and produce surfactants relevant to primitive forms of biological compartmentalization. To support these claims, computer-predicted, prebiotic syntheses of several biotic molecules as well as a multistep, self-regenerative cycle of iminodiacetic acid were validated by experiment.

Categorical Primitive Forms and Gromov–Witten Invariants of An Singularities

We introduce a categorical analogue of Saito’s notion of primitive forms. For the category $\textsf{MF}(\frac{1}{n+1}x^{n+1})$ of matrix factorizations of $\frac{1}{n+1}x^{n+1}$, we prove that there exists a unique, up to non-zero constant, categorical primitive form. The corresponding genus zero categorical Gromov–Witten invariants of $\textsf{MF}(\frac{1}{n+1}x^{n+1})$ are shown to match with the invariants defined through unfolding of singularities of $\frac{1}{n+1}x^{n+1}$.