Pretoria's Reaction to the Rôle of Moscow and Peking in Southern Africa

1987 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-344
Author(s):  
Chris Maritz
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
State Relations ◽  
Inter State

We have it from the celebrated Max Weber that the behaviour of nations is determined not by ideas but by ‘interests’ – a loaded concept in the sense that these are dependent on the interpretation given by a nation to its environment. This implies that ‘images of reality’ are crucial in the definition of what are national interests and what are not. Perceptions thus determine inter-state relations, and existing Policies should be seen as reactions to images of interests, pressures, and assumed underlying objectives.

A Social Sonic Paradigm

2021 ◽  
pp. 540-554
Author(s):  
Tegan Bristow ◽  
João Orecchia Zúñiga
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Sound Art ◽  
Intellectual Engagement ◽  
The Third ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Forms Of Knowledge

This chapter presents an examination of why—in contemporary Africa, with Southern Africa as the primary focus—there are very few artists working with sound in a manner that fits the paradigm of sound art as it is known in Euro-America. Emphasis is not placed on a lack of intellectual engagement, which is significant in the Euro-American definition of sound art. What is presented does not aim to deviate from this, but rather acts to affirm an engagement with alternative forms of knowledge and mechanisms of sound found in the South. Three areas are explored; these however are interlinked and do not stand alone. The first is an understanding of the practice of interdisciplinarity as political engagement. The second explores the role of community and communal interaction with sound and how this is fundamental to form in the region. The third extends this by showing how the histories of knowledge and power are fundamental to these explorations in the region, emphasizing how contemporary explorations of sound are used to both contain and shift these histories. The chapter takes shape with the use of case studies and draws on interviews conducted by the authors.

Inter-State Arbitration in Historical Perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 842-873
Author(s):  
Alexis Keller
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Fourth Moment ◽  
International Dispute ◽  
Major Turning Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Jay Treaty ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Settlement Of Disputes ◽  
Inter State

This chapter identifies the principal moments when the definition of arbitration and the institutions and techniques associated with it underwent major changes. It specifically highlights inter-state arbitration, yet its proposed historical lessons illuminates the entire field of international dispute settlement. This history can be divided into five distinct moments. The first, which could be described as the ‘Greek moment’, refers to the systematic use of arbitration by Greek cities to resolve their conflicts. The second, covering the period between 1200 and 1400 ad, witnessed the emergence of the first arbitration procedures under the influence of canonical law and acknowledged the growing power of the popes in the settlement of disputes between states. The third, marked by the Jay Treaty of 1794, initiated a major turning point in the history of arbitration, as it confirmed the role of diplomatic commissions in the peaceful resolution of disputes. The fourth moment, which began with the Alabama case (1871), saw the establishment of the first impartial and independent tribunal. Finally, the fifth moment began with the setting up of the Permanent Arbitration Court in 1899 and the harmonization of arbitration procedures.

scholarly journals Content and Functional Purpose of the Duty in Modern Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-133
Author(s):  
Halyna B. Pohrishchuk ◽  
Ruslan Ye. Voloshchuk
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Trade Organisation ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
National Interests ◽  
The World ◽  
Foreign Trade Activity ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Functional Purpose

The duty as a source of budget formation and a regulator of foreign trade activity contributes to improving the macroeconomic situation and the state's entry into the international trade community. Therefore, the study of the essence and functional purpose of the duty becomes particularly relevant since it makes it possible to increase the efficiency of its functioning in modern conditions. The purpose of the study is to consider the tax and foreign trade nature of the duty, establish its essence and specific characteristics, identify the main functions and substantiate changes in the roles of duty functions in modern conditions. The specifics of the scientific tasks that make up the subject of research required the use of a set of special methods (general scientific and private scientific, theoretical and empirical), the use of which helped identifying the content of the duty, consider its functional purpose and establish the reasons for the weakening of the role of duty functions in different countries of the world. In the course of the study, two approaches to the interpretation of the essence of duty were established: as a tax and as a specific foreign trade payment. The author's definition of the duty was proposed and its main essential characteristics were clarified. It has been established that there are no unified approaches to the definition of duty functions in the scientific literature, and only two main ones (fiscal and regulatory) are substantiated. It was also covered that due to the entry of most countries into the World Trade Organisation and the establishment of restrictions on the growth of customs rates, the regulatory function of the duty is weakening. It was established that in developed countries, due to international restrictions on the application of custom rates, the role of the fiscal function of duty has decreased. It was determined that in less developed countries, in conditions of limited budget revenue sources, the fiscal function of duty continues to be the main one. The practical value of the study lies in the fact that clarifying the content and functions of duty in modern conditions makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of customs tariff regulation to protect national interests during the intensification of international integration processes

scholarly journals The Place of Max Weber in Ricœur’s Philosophy: Power, Ideology, Explanation

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Social Ontology ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Responsibility ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of

This article offers an encompassing interpretation of Paul Ricœur’s reception of Max Weber’s sociology. Three main domains in which Ricœur redeployed and revised insights from Weber are examined: (1) political responsibility and the definition of the state, (2) significant categories for understanding social interaction (notably ideology and authority) and the social ontology implied by this view on action and, finally, (3) the role of explanation in the interpretive social sciences. As a whole, this article argues that Weber was a significant interlocutor of Ricœur on a number of significant themes in the philosopher’s work. In particular, the article profiles the Weberian aspect of Ricœur’s social and political philosophy.

scholarly journals The Role of Negotiations in International Relations: دور المفاوضات في العلاقات الدولية

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamer Abdullah Eid Alsubaie
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
State Relations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Inter State

    What was the sporadic intercourse to facilitate contacts among various ancient political entities in different parts of the world became organized inter-state relations between nations and states, supported diplomacy as the art of settling disputes by negotiations. Negotiations have become the essential instrument at the core of contemporary international relations that are constantly changing in time and space. The negotiations brought the shift of major importance and had direct impact on international relations. The international organizations have been empowered to assist governments of its member states in progressive liberalization of trade in all areas. Negotiations have intensified the inter-state relations contacts collection of information about the ways other societies are organized and act. Negotiations have become primary tools in building international consensus on most important issues of security, war and peace. This research aimed to assess the role of negotiations in international relations. In order to achieve this aim, the researcher reviewed articles and research that dealt with examining the origin of the research variables, and also aimed to identify the relationship between these variables. In addition to that, the researcher conducted in depth interviews with 15 key officials in Saudi Arabia. The results of the study found that effective negotiations have a positive impact on the quality of international relations. Of the main recommendations of the study is that it is essential that the negotiator have the required sets of skills to ensure an effective negotiation process.    

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS AS A SOURCE OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL LAW

2021 ◽  
pp. 185-194
Author(s):  
O. R. Vaitsekhovska
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
International Agreement ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Terrorism Financing ◽  
Set Up ◽  
State Relations ◽  
Inter State

The article under studies is a legal analysis of the international contractual lawmaking in the field of finance. It lays particular emphasis on the role of international financial agreements in forming the international financial order enforcement. The article contains a classification of international agreements, which directly or indirectly aim at regulating financial relations according to the following criteria: 1) the subject of legal regulations; 2) the legal status of the parties that conclude an international agreement; 3) the number of the parties in an international agreement. In addition, the paper under discussion analyzes the contents of the statutes of certain international financial organizations, whose norms play a significant role for the legal-normative constituent of the international financial order enforcement. The research indicates that in compliance with the nature of the irfunctions and the number of the parties, international financial agreements are divided into: A) the international agreements, which set up the legal basics and a single procedure of the inter-state relations in a certain field of activities of the international financial relations (the fields of currency relations, settlement relations, countering terrorism financing, etc.) andserveas a basis for concluding other agreements in a respective area: 1) the international agreements that aim at coordinating states in the international financial relations (statutes of the international financial organizations); 2) the international agreements that have a mixed legal nature in the context of the ultimate legal entities, to which most of the provisions of the agreement are directed. Such inter-state agreements make the states fulfil their obligations by implementing the international norms into their national legislations, which concern the financial relations between legal and juridical persons. B) The international agreements, which contain individually determined financial norms (on the issues of financing, investing, etc.).

Challenges of Fear Conditioning Research in the Age of RDoC

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina B. Lonsdorf ◽  
Jan Richter
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Research Domain Criteria ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
The Future ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Research Domain

Abstract. As the criticism of the definition of the phenotype (i.e., clinical diagnosis) represents the major focus of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative, it is somewhat surprising that discussions have not yet focused more on specific conceptual and procedural considerations of the suggested RDoC constructs, sub-constructs, and associated paradigms. We argue that we need more precise thinking as well as a conceptual and methodological discussion of RDoC domains and constructs, their interrelationships as well as their experimental operationalization and nomenclature. The present work is intended to start such a debate using fear conditioning as an example. Thereby, we aim to provide thought-provoking impulses on the role of fear conditioning in the age of RDoC as well as conceptual and methodological considerations and suggestions to guide RDoC-based fear conditioning research in the future.

Business Model Literature Overview

2014 ◽  
pp. 79-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ales Novak
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Financial Instruments ◽  
Business Logic ◽  
Literature Overview ◽  
Ifrs 9 ◽  
Definition Of

The term ?business model' has recently attracted increased attention in the context of financial reporting and was formally introduced into the IFRS literature when IFRS 9 Financial Instruments was published in November 2009. However, IFRS 9 did not fully define the term ‘business model'. Furthermore, the literature on business models is quite diverse. It has been conducted in largely isolated fashion; therefore, no generally accepted definition of ?business model' has emerged. Therefore, a better understanding of the notion itself should be developed before further investigating its potential role within financial reporting. The aim of this paper is to highlight some of the perceived key themes and to identify other bases for grouping/organizing the literature based on business models. The contributions this paper makes to the literature are twofold: first, it complements previous review papers on business models; second, it contains a clear position on the distinction between the notions of the business model and strategy, which many authors identify as a key element in better explaining and communicating the notion of the business model. In this author's opinion, the term ‘strategy' is a dynamic and forward-looking notion, a sort of directional roadmap for future courses of action, whereas, ‘business model' is a more static notion, reflecting the conceptualisation of the company's underlying core business logic. The conclusion contains the author's thoughts on the role of the business model in financial reporting.

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