Love and Betrayal: The Political Economy of Youth Violence in Post-War Sierra Leone

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Enria
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Urban Youth ◽  
Youth Violence ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Security Risk ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Political Networks ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTYouth unemployment is often presented as a security risk in post-conflict countries, yet the relationship between labour market exclusion and engagement in violence remains little understood. This paper opens up one aspect of this relationship, analysing how the employment aspirations of Sierra Leone's marginal youth relate to their decisions to take part in political unrest. Telling the stories of urban youth involved to varying degrees in violent episodes shows how violence is used as a tactic to signal loyalty to political strongmen. Such loyalty is hoped to result in the establishment of relations of reciprocity that will offer a road to socially valued employment. Comparing the experiences of two groups of young people, similar in their socio-economic background and experience of violence but different in their collocation in political networks, reveals two things. Firstly, availability for violence was insufficient to achieve durable incorporation, as pre-existing social ties determined the nature of recruitment. Secondly, as even those embedded in politicians’ networks of reciprocity appeared ultimately unable to escape marginality, their experiences cast doubt on the expediency of using violence as a way into the labour market, making the exploitative nature of these relations starkly evident.

scholarly journals Labour Market and Educational Services Trends in Post-Conflict Territories of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 262
Author(s):  
Tetiana Hudima ◽  
Volodymyr Ustymenko ◽  
Ruslan Dzhabrailov ◽  
Vitalii Oliukha ◽  
Oleksandr Illarionov
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
Labour Potential ◽  
Intellectual Potential ◽  
Legal Mechanism

Promotion of youth employment, especially in the post-conflict territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine, is one of the key global problems of a country that is a challenge to its sustainable development. Higher education institutions play an important role in this process. They form the labour potential for the development of a region. However, their activities do not always correspond to their (regional) needs. Studies on employment experience and labour mobility of graduates of higher education establishments in Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine evidence of the extremely high rate of re-profiling of young graduates and / or their migration to other regions of the country or abroad. This article proposes a number of measures, including within the framework of educational reform, to be implemented to reduce youth unemployment both in the region and in Ukraine as a whole. It is noted that it is advisable to intensify the processes of supporting the initiatives of young people in post-graduate vocational training and employment, encouraging them to actively seek employment and to acquire a profession or occupation in demand in the labour market. Attention is drawn to the need for awareness-raising and education in this regard. It is argued that measures aimed at preventing the migration of scientists should be included in national policy documents. It is suggested that special attention be given to the programme approach, which should form the basis of a legal mechanism to promote the preservation of the region’s intellectual potential.

Does Adolescent Free Time Matter? Exploring the Association Between Adolescent Leisure Activities and Dating Violence Perpetration

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-42
Author(s):  
Dione Moultrie King ◽  
Catheryn A. Orihuela ◽  
Sylvie Mrug ◽  
Maria Martino
Keyword(s):  
Dating Violence ◽  
Urban Youth ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Youth Violence ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Dating Relationships ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Violence Perpetration ◽  
The Relationship

ObjectiveAdolescence is a developmental period characterized by independent leisure activities and increased interest in intimate dating relationships. Despite focused examinations on dating violence (DV), research has not yet explored connections between leisure activities and DV.MethodsThis exploratory study uses Birmingham Youth Violence Survey (BYVS) Wave 3 data to elucidate the relationship between leisure activities and DV perpetration among urban youth aged 16–23 (N = 497, Mage = 17.64, 52% female, 81.3% Black, 18.7% White).ResultsFindings support the relationship between specific types of leisure activities and DV perpetration.ConclusionPractitioners, researchers, and policy makers with a vested interest in adolescent health should pay attention to specific leisure activities (e.g., social, sports, and media) given their associations to DV perpetration.

Minimum wages, training wages and youth employment

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (1/2/3) ◽  
pp. 415-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Mangan ◽  
John Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Age Discrimination ◽  
Young Workers ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Australian Government ◽  
Youth Labour Market ◽  
Job Offers ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
The Relationship

High rates of youth unemployment, worldwide, have led governments to advocate a range of policies designed to increase job offers to young workers. For example, the Australian Government is currently introducing a system of “training wages” which will see effective youth wages set well below adult award wages for a designated training period. This policy is designed to simultaneously increase the human capital of young workers as well as help to overcome the initial barriers to entry into the labour market. However, youth‐specific wages have been criticized on the basis of age discrimination and on equity grounds. Also, some US data question the employment‐boosting potential of reduced minimum youth wages. In this paper recent international findings on the relationship between youth wages and employment are presented and compared with empirical tests of the relationship using labour market data for Australia as a whole as well as the State of Queensland. The results are used to examine the likely impact of the introduction of the training wage on the youth labour market in Australia and to provide further generalizations on the wider issue of employment and youth‐specific wages.

scholarly journals Power Sharing and Labour Market: An Autopsy of the Legal Politicisation of the Post-War Congolese Labour Market

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Camille INAKA
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Power Sharing ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Political Regimes ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Post War

This study analyses the legal aspect of the politicisation of labour market by power-sharing political regime in post-war the transition. Exploring the case of the Congo transition from 2003 to 2006 after the 1998-2002 war, it covers gaps in the literature on the reconstruction of labour markets in post-conflict countries which has paid little attention to the impacts of power-sharing political regimes on post-war labour market reconstructions. It reveals that existing studies overlooked to explain how these power-sharing political regimes can legally and legitimately politicise labour markets. Drawing on Levitt's notion of the legality of power-sharing and theories on African states, this paper argues that although the politicisation of labour market is often decried, the current trend of implementing power-sharing regimes in post-war African countries results in the politicisation of their labour markets. This paper further argues that Congolese post-war rebuilding policies, namely the Pretoria Agreement and the constitution of the transition (2003-2006), legitimated and legalised the politicisation of the Congolese public sector labour market from 2003 to 2006. These arguments have emerged from the results of qualitative research conducted in Kinshasa from 2016 to 2017 and from 2018 to 2019. The results inform that the Congolese public labour market was legally politicised, peculiarly characterised by plethora of decision makers, and purely disorganised during the 2003-2006 transition. These realities had led to the failure of the Congolese public market reforms at that time.

Neighborhood-Level Factors and Youth Violence: Giving Voice to the Perceptions of Prominent Neighborhood Individuals

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Yonas ◽  
Patricia O'Campo ◽  
Jessica G. Burke ◽  
Andrea C. Gielen
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Youth ◽  
Youth Violence ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Drug Market ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Youth violence is a significant public health problem. Although the relationship between neighborhood-level factors and urban youth violence is recognized, the specific mechanisms of this relationship are often unclear. Prominent neighborhood individuals were identified within four select low-income urban neighborhoods in Baltimore City. In-depth interviews were conducted to explore these individuals' perceptions of the relationship between social and structural neighborhood-level factors and urban youth violence. Employment opportunities, local businesses, trash management, vacant housing, and street lighting were perceived as important neighborhood factors influencing young people's experiences. The relationship between these neighborhood characteristics and the local illicit drug market and youth violence is highlighted. Results provide an enhanced understanding of the importance of using a participatory-based research approach and the mechanisms of the relationship between neighborhood-level factors and youth violence. Both are critical components in designing and implementing multilevel youth violence prevention efforts.

The next generation: Experiences of higher educated Turkish-Dutch on The Hague labour market

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-217
Author(s):  
Karijn G. Nijhoff
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Education System ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Market Positioning ◽  
The Hague ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dutch City

This paper explores the relationship between education and labour market positioning in The Hague, a Dutch city with a unique labour market. One of the main minority groups, Turkish-Dutch, is the focus in this qualitative study on higher educated minorities and their labour market success. Interviews reveal that the obstacles the respondents face are linked to discrimination and network limitation. The respondents perceive “personal characteristics” as the most important tool to overcoming the obstacles. Education does not only increase their professional skills, but also widens their networks. The Dutch education system facilitates the chances of minorities in higher education through the “layering” of degrees. 

Time’s Up! Shorter Hours, Public Policy, and Time Flexibility as an Antidote to Youth Unemployment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Eva Maich ◽  
Jamie K. McCallum ◽  
Ari Grant-Sasson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Employment Relationships ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
Hours Of Work ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Work Scheduling

This chapter explores the relationship between hours of work and unemployment. When it comes to time spent working in the United States at present, two problems immediately come to light. First, an asymmetrical distribution of working time persists, with some people overworked and others underemployed. Second, hours are increasingly unstable; precarious on-call work scheduling and gig economy–style employment relationships are the canaries in the coal mine of a labor market that produces fewer and fewer stable jobs. It is possible that some kind of shorter hours movement, especially one that places an emphasis on young workers, has the potential to address these problems. Some policies and processes are already in place to transition into a shorter hours economy right now even if those possibilities are mediated by an anti-worker political administration.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aled Davies
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
Financial Centre ◽  
Conservative Government ◽  
The Social ◽  
Post War ◽  
City Of London ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This book is a study of the political economy of Britain’s chief financial centre, the City of London, in the two decades prior to the election of Margaret Thatcher’s first Conservative government in 1979. The primary purpose of the book is to evaluate the relationship between the financial sector based in the City, and the economic strategy of social democracy in post-war Britain. In particular, it focuses on how the financial system related to the social democratic pursuit of national industrial development and modernization, and on how the norms of social democratic economic policy were challenged by a variety of fundamental changes to the City that took place during the period....

scholarly journals Empirical study of spatial differentiation of youth unemployment in Russia

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Blinova ◽  
Vladimir Markov ◽  
Viktor Rusanovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Youth Labour Market ◽  
Interregional Differentiation

The purpose of the study is to conduct a statistical analysis and to perform a quantitative assessment of the degree and the dynamics of the interregional differences in youth unemployment in Russia between 2005 and 2013. We decompose the interregional differentiation into “within-group” and “between-group” differences. We also analyse the dynamics of the within-group and between-group differences and estimate their contribution to changes in the interregional differentiation of youth unemployment. Additionally, we estimate the degree and the dynamics of the interregional differences of the youth labour market in Russia in times of crisis and recovery growth. The results show a reduction in the interregional differences in unemployment rates between 2005 and 2008, while in 2009–2013, the interregional differentiation of the labour market increased. We found that the socio-economic effects of youth unemployment, as well as the behavioural response to economic shocks in the age groups of 15–19 and 20–29 years were significantly different.

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