Biological and environmental rhythms reflected in molluscan shell growth

1968 ◽  
Vol 42 (S2) ◽  
pp. 64-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Pannella ◽  
Copeland Macclintock
Keyword(s):  
Shell Growth ◽  
Spring Tide ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Daily Increments ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Tridacna Squamosa ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Growth Increment

Tidal cycles are reflected in daily growth-increment sequences in shells of many Recent and fossil mollusks. Living specimens of the bivalve Mercenaria mercenaria were notched at the growing edge of the shell and planted intertidally in Barnstable Harbor, Massachusetts. Shells from two lots, killed at intervals of 368 and 723 days after planting, show the same number of small growth increments as there were days from notching to killing. Superimposed on daily growth record are effects of winter (thin daily increments) and tides (14-day cycles of thick and thin daily increments). Comparison of Barnstable tide record with the first year's growth shows that, for each 14-day cycle, thin daily increments form during neap tides and thicker daily increments form during spring tides. Although tidal patterns are present in subtidal Mercenaria shells, they are rarely as pronounced as in intertidal ones. Spawning patterns differ from winter patterns; they are expressed in the shell by an interruption of regular deposition followed by a series of thin daily increments. Continuous sequences of bidaily patterns, one thick daily increment followed by a relatively thin one, are common in M. mercenaria.The clearest 14-day cycles of deposition were seen in shells of the bivalve Tridacna squamosa. Each daily neap-tide increment is a simple layer consisting of a dark and light zone. Each daily spring-tide increment is a complex layer consisting of two light-dark alternations separated by a depositional break that is more pronounced than the breaks delimiting daily intervals. Preliminary results of growth-increment counts in fossils show a generally decreasing trend of the mean values of days per lunar month toward the Recent. The Pennsylvanian value is 30.07 ± 0.08, a figure that is in general agreement with those of Scrutton (1964), who counted 30.59 days per month on Devonian corals, and Barker (1966), who reported more than 30 days per month in Pennsylvanian bivalves.

Effects of pH on the early development and growth and otolith microstructure of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Geen ◽  
J. D. Neilson ◽  
M. Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Acidic Water ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Daily Growth Increment

Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) eggs, alevins, and fry were reared in pH 4.5, 5.0. 5.5, 6.2 (control), and 7.0 water from the eyed stage of development. Survival through hatching was >90% in all instances. Alevin mortality was high at pH 4.5 and 5.0. Fry were more tolerant of low pH than alevins. Growth rates of alevins and fry held at or above pH 5.0 and 4.5, respectively, were not affected by pH, nor did exposure to acidic water retard otolith development or result in their resorption. One otolith daily growth increment was formed every 24 h in alevins and fry irrespective of pH. Widths of otolith daily growth increments decreased when fry were transferred to pH 4.5 water and increased on their return to higher pH indicating changes in growth rate. Transfer of fry from pH 6.2 to pH 5.0 or 5.5 had no effect on increment widths.

Further Analysis of Ration and Growth Relationship of Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa)

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 3237-3241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir Zaky Rafail
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Pleuronectes Platessa ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Power Equation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Weight Groups

Evidence is given that the average daily rations (R) and fortnightly growth increments (ΔW) of six weight groups of Pleuronectes platessa fed on Mytilus edulis are related as in the power equation ±(ΔW−ΔWm) = ±b(|R–Rm|)B. Rm is the daily ration associated with the growth increment (ΔWm) at maximum growth efficiency; b and B are parameters. The power B has a mean value of about 0.5 and shows significant deviations from the mean especially in the case of smaller fish.

Growth Increments and Geochemical Variations in the Molluscan Shell

1985 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 72-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas S. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Shell Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Random Disturbance ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Molluscan Shell ◽  
External Shell ◽  
Periodic Growth ◽  
Geochemical Variations

Perhaps the one structural feature of the molluscan shell which has historically attracted the most attention from biologists and paleobiologists alike is the banding or growth increment variation associated with so many molluscan species. Such growth patterns are often prominently displayed on the external surfaces of shells and have long been the focus of serious biological and paleontological research (see reviews by Clark, 1974; Lutz and Rhoads, 1980). The usefulness of external shell growth patterns in ecological or paleoecological contexts is limited, however, by both the inability to distinguish true periodic features from random disturbance marks and by the extreme crowding of growth lines near the margins of mature shells. In the last two decades these problems have been surmounted with the recognition of periodic growth patterns within molluscan shells. Internal shell growth patterns are known from all classes of mollusks, but those in the Bivalvia have been studied most extensively. This is a result of the relative ease with which a complete ontogenetic growth record can be obtained by sectioning a shell along the axis of maximum growth (Rhoads and Pannella, 1970). Analogous ontogenetic records are very difficult, if not impossible, to obtain from coiled or spiral shells (e.g., gastropods) using current techniques (Lutz and Rhoads, 1980). This chapter, then, aims to review the major types of internal shell growth patterns described within molluscan shells (mainly bivalves) and to discuss their origin and applications in ecology and paleoecology. Also taken up in this chapter is a brief consideration of geochemical variations (stable oxygen and carbon isotopes and trace and minor elements) within molluscan shells. Physical-chemical, environmental, and physiological influences on shell chemistry are discussed in relation to how biogeochemical variations in the shell may be used to reconstruct paleoenvironmental conditions.

Daily Growth Increments in Otoliths of Starry Flounder (Platichthys stellatus) and the Influence of Some Environmental Variables in Their Production

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 937-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven E. Campana ◽  
John D. Neilson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Otolith Growth ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Environmental Regime ◽  
Starry Flounder ◽  
Daily Increments ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Platichthys Stellatus

Tetracycline injected into juvenile starry flounders (Platichthys stellatus) was incorporated into the periphery of the sagittal otoliths within 24 h. The resulting band, visible under ultraviolet light, was used as a dated mark on the otolith growth increments. This technique was used to verify that increments were laid down on a daily basis, both in field and laboratory environments. Subdaily increments were visible in otoliths of fishes reared under most environmental conditions. The production of daily increments in juvenile starry flounders preconditioned to a natural environmental regime was unaffected by photoperiod or temperature fluctuation, suggesting the presence of an internal circadian rhythm.Key words: starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus; otoliths, daily rings, growth increments, circadian, tetracycline

Seasonal growth pattern in the lichen Pseudocyphellaria berberina in north-western Patagonia

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 435-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayra S. CALDIZ
Keyword(s):  
Growth Increment ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Epiphytic Lichen ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Nothofagus Dombeyi ◽  
North Western ◽  
Annual Growth Increment

Seasonal growth increments (%) were measured in the foliose epiphytic lichen Pseudocyphellaria berberina in north-western Patagonia. Growth was determined by measuring increase in weight (expressed as percentage of the original biomass) in transplanted thalli. Transplants were either hung freely from wooden frames or attached to tree trunks in a Nothofagus dombeyi forest and then weighed every three months between January 2001 and April 2003. The influence on growth increment of treatment, donor thallus, temperature, and absolute and relative humidity was analysed. Mean annual growth increment after two years, in both treatments was 12±1·07% (±SE). Growth increment was greatest in winter and lowest in summer; the mean winter growth increment was 6±0·50%, representing half of the annual growth, whereas most of the remaining growth occurred during both spring and autumn. Growth increments were similar for freely-hanging lichens and for the transplants attached to tree trunks. Individual trees had no consistent effect on growth while the donor thallus had a significant effect in the first season which then diminished, indicating acclimation in the transplants. Initial transplant weight had no influence on final cumulative growth, nor was there any consistent correlation between one season and another in the growth of transplants. Both transplantation methods proved to be useful for experiments on the growth of P. berberina.

GHSIM Developed in Spreadsheet Quattro Pro Simulates the Interactive Greenhouse

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 448c-448
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Hopper
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Pest Population ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Pest Infestation ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Population Spread ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Daily Growth Increment

A computer model, GHSIM, was formulated in Quattro Pro spreadsheet format. GHSIM was designed having individual pages calculating simulated activities necessary for greenhouse production. Pages were arranged by alphabetical topics starting with the “Area” used in the greenhouse. Time advanced by 1 day for each 10 s of real time. The time advance in the program can be paused to make setting changes interactively. Pest infestation occurred as probabilities accumulated, and the pest population spread through the greenhouse based on proximity and density of pests. Pest control was simulated by a pesticide application capable of partially reducing populations; repeated applications could effectively eliminate a pest. Crop growth was simulated by iterative acccumulation of biomass using Euler integration of daily plant growth. The daily growth increment was calculated using the first derivative of the Richard's Function. Large pest populations negatively impacted the daily growth increment, and pesticide applicaions would remove the inhibition of growth. Additional features proposed include light and temperature effects on the plant growth rate and accumulated biomass.

Effects of temperature on growth of the Japanese spiny lobster, Panulirus japonicus (V. Siebold) phyllosomas under laboratory conditions

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirokazu Matsuda ◽  
Takashi Yamakawa
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Spiny Lobster ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Panulirus Japonicus ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Daily Growth Increment

The effects of temperature on growth of phyllosomas of the Japanese spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus were investigated. Phyllosomas were individually reared at four temperatures (20°, 22°, 24° and 26°C), and intermoult period and moult increment were monitored. The improved Bêlehrádek’s equation, G = aLb (T–α)c(β–T)d, was used to describe the relationship between growth characters (G: intermoult period, moult increment or daily growth increment), body length (L) and temperature (T), with a and b being constants that change at 17·8 mm body length, c and d being common constants for all sizes, and α and β being the conceptual biological lower and upper critical temperatures, which are variables with body length. The intermoult period increased and the moult increment decreased with decreasing temperature. However, a negative influence on both the intermoult period and the moult increment was observed at 26°C for medium-sized and large phyllosomas. The largest daily growth increment was obtained at 26°C up to 15·0 mm body length, and then at 24°C. This indicates that the optimum temperature for growth decreases from 26° to 24°C at 15·0 mm body length. This optimum temperature for growth seemed to be optimal for survival.

Annual cycle of shell growth increment formation in two continental shelf bivalves and its paleoecologic significance

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas S. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Shell Growth ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Age And Growth ◽  
Growth Line ◽  
Arctica Islandica ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Increment Formation

The bivalvesSpisula solidissima, the Atlantic surf clam, andArctica islandica, the ocean quahog, from the continental shelf off New Jersey, contain repeating structures in their shells. By analyzing the growing shell margins in living specimens at bi-weekly (or sometimes monthly) intervals throughout two consecutive years, it was possible to define an annual cycle of shell growth increment formation in both species. The shell increments in each species are microstructurally distinct units that form over a period of several months at select seasons of the year. Each species has two alternating shell growth increments, GI I and GI II. GI I (the annual growth line of previous studies) is formed annually in the late summer-fall inS. solidissimaand in the fall-early winter inA. islandica.These periods correspond to the spawning phase of the reproductive cycle in both species. No winter rings were found. The annual increments were used to determine age and growth rate in both Recent and Pleistocene specimens. They may also be useful in determining season of death. Because shell growth increments are formed in synchrony among living populations in these species, mass mortalities may be distinguished in the fossil record. Accurate age and growth rate determinations in fossils are important in many paleobiologic contexts, such as deciding between increased longevity or growth rate in cases of phyletic size increase.

Relationship Between Thickness of Daily Growth Increments in Sagittae and Change in Body Weight of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Fry

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1335-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. Wilson ◽  
P. A. Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Daily Increments ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Fish Weight ◽  
Daily Change ◽  
Back Calculation

Sixty-four laboratory-reared sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) fry were marked to enable identification as individuals. Each was weighed initially on June 6 or 8, 1979; and again on July 6; and surviving fish were weighed a third time on July 20. After the final weighing, sagittae were removed and a standard otolith radius, corresponding to each weight, was determined by counting back from the otolith edge the appropriate number of daily increments. The regression of ln otolith radius on ln fish weight was linear, with r2 = 0.92, demonstrating a relationship between mean thickness of a daily increment in sagittae, and mean daily change in weight of the fry. Using this regression line, previous weights were back calculated from corresponding otolith radii with errors in the order of 15%.Key words: otoliths, daily growth increments, back calculation, sockeye salmon

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