Comments on Maddieson's ‘Revision of the IPA: Linguo-labials as a test case’

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Theoretical Reason ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Level I ◽  
Letter Shape

The IPA alphabet is, first and foremost, a device for use in the making of impressionistic records of spoken language events. There is no alternative device in widespread use. It is neither full nor systematic as a device for this purpose, but can be used remarkably effectively if supplemented with ad hoc extensions and adaptations. Such adaptations need to be explicit if used in published material, but they need not be standard. They do need, though, to be sensible. Although the IPA letter-shapes are not systematic, the articulatory classification that underlies them is. Within this classification it would be perverse to relate a ‘linguo-labial’ to, say, the category ‘velar’, and so a representation based on the letter-shape ‘k’ would be undesirable. Given these limits, though, I can see no theoretical reason why ‘linguo-labials’ should not be written in a number of ways. [P‥] etc. is one way. It is not a particularily good one, in my view, as [‥] is a diacritic that distinguishes a PASSIVE articulator, and this passive articulator is nowhere involved in ‘linguo-labials’. But I would happily accept [P‥]. It would be desirable for a degree of uniformity to apply in PUBLISHED material, but this is a matter more for editors and for publishers than for front-line linguists. At the PHONETIC level, I can't see that it matters whether we use [P‥] or, say, [‡] in published material: and other suggestions will no doubt be forthcoming, PRACTICAL considerations are paramount here, some solutions being easier to print, type and read than others.

Hierarchal Fuzzy Logic Controller and Internet of Things (IoT) Information

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 59-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabie A. Ramadan ◽  
Ahmed B. Altamimi
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Health Care Organizations ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Weather Information ◽  
Huge Data ◽  
Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Disease Spreading ◽  
Hoc Networks

With the advances of networks and sensing technologies, it is possible to benefit from the surrounding environment's data in enhancing peoples' life. Currently, we have different types of networks such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), Cellular Networks (CNs), and Social Networks (SNs) along with underlying computing such as Cloud computing. These types of networks provide huge data about the surrounding environments including weather information, peoples' relations, peoples' interest, and location information. This paper examines the suitability of hierarchal fuzzy logic controller in classifying the IoT data. The paper also tries to answer “if-else “questions about the effect of each of the input parameters. The authors' test case in this paper is related to the disease spreading prediction problem. This test case is highly important to the health care organizations. Different case studies are generated to examine the efficiency of the proposed framework and methodologies.

scholarly journals An Observational Tool to Assess Activity Limitation in Ambulatory People with Cerebral Palsy When Performing Motor Skills

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1896
Author(s):  
Alba Roldan ◽  
José M. Sarabia ◽  
Guillermo Gómez-Marcos ◽  
Raul Reina
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
System Level ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
Data Collection Instrument ◽  
Level I

Ratios of physical activity and sports participation in people with cerebral palsy (CP) are still low compared with people without a disability. For an adequate and useful practice, physical activity professionals should understand how different types of CP profiles constrain the performance of motor skills that are required during sports practice. This study aims to develop an observation-based assessment tool to evaluate activity limitations in individuals with a moderate level of CP when performing skills requiring jumping, sprinting, change of direction, coordination, and balance. Nineteen observers with different backgrounds from five world regions were recruited for this study, with accredited experience classifying/observing para-athletes with CP. All observers watched videos of 20 international para-athletes with different CP profiles (bilateral spasticity, athetosis/ataxia, unilateral spasticity; all Gross Motor Function Classification System level I) performing 16 motor tasks, and their observations were recorded throughout an ad-hoc data collection instrument. A total of 6080 units of qualitative information were recorded for data analysis. An observation-based tool with qualitative descriptors is derived from data analyses, describing how coordination and balance affected mainly in those with dyskinesia/ataxia, range of movement in those with diplegia, and asymmetries in those with hemiplegia. This tool would help sports practitioners and physical educators to better understand how different CP profiles constrain the performance of motor skills.

Spoken Corpora Design

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
František Čermák
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Written Texts

From a linguistic point of view, spoken corpora should be primary for research but that has not been the case so far. Hence, the problem of what should be included in the corpora has hardly ever been considered. Often it would appear that anything spoken is included on an ad hoc basis. The need and scarcity of real prototypical spoken corpora points to a necessity of mapping the field in its entirety and identifying its relevant parameters. In order to do this the present paper translates the major differences between spoken and written texts into usable parameters. Ultimately this could enable the setting up of a representative spoken corpus with a clear core of real and typical spoken language, etc.

scholarly journals Discourse Markers of French: Multifaceted Look at a Controversial Category

Kalbotyra ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 268-285
Author(s):  
Elena Vladimirska ◽  
Jelena Gridina ◽  
Daina Turlā-Pastare
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Discourse Markers ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Distributional Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Level ◽  
Learning Path ◽  
The One ◽  
Criteria For Evaluation ◽  
Linguistic Approaches

In this paper, we discuss the question of discourse markers (DM) – a category conceived differently by theoretical and applied linguistic approaches. Unlike in applied approaches, in which DMs are considered desemantized/grammaticalized lexical units devoid of their own semantics and therefore of status in the language, we consider DMs to constitute a full-fledged category of language, having its own semantics and distribution, both of which play a crucial role in the construction of discourse (Paillard 2011, 2012; Franckel 2008, 2019). This hypothesis has been developed in theoretical linguistics and has seen little evidence from a perspective of the acquisition and didactics of foreign languages. Based on cross-analysis of linguistic theories (Benveniste 1974; Ducrot 1980; Hopper & Traugott 1993; Culioli 1990,1999; Franckel & Paillard 2008) and on distributional analysis of data of the spoken corpora, we show that the absence of specific linguistic status for DMs has repercussions at the didactic and acquisition levels: DMs are generally approached in an ad hoc manner, all functions combined, which leads on the one hand to gaps in the acquisition of French and, on the other hand, to the ambiguity of criteria for evaluation. Therefore, at the level of applied linguistics, we suggest the integration of DMs in the learning path as a full category, an integration that must be carried out on several axes – semantic, syntax and prosodic – and be based on an authentic oral corpora of the spoken language. At the theoretical level, we use transversal analysis in order to give yet another argument in favor of a semantical-enunciative approach to discursive markers.

scholarly journals “Reverse engineering” research portfolio synergies and tradeoffs from domain expertise in minimum data contexts

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259734
Author(s):  
Benjamin Schiek
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Optimal Resource ◽  
Domain Expertise ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Level I ◽  
Portfolio Planning ◽  
Project Level

In research portfolio planning contexts, an estimate of research policy and project synergies/tradeoffs (i.e. covariances) is essential to the optimal leveraging of institution resources. The data by which to make such estimates generally do not exist. Research institutions may often draw on domain expertise to fill this gap, but it is not clear how such ad hoc information can be quantified and fed into an optimal resource allocation workflow. Drawing on principal components analysis, I propose a method for “reverse engineering” synergies/tradeoffs from domain expertise at both the policy and project level. I discuss extensions to other problems and detail how the method can be fed into a research portfolio optimization workflow. I also briefly discuss the relevance of the proposed method in the context of the currently toxic relations between research communities and the donors that fund them.

scholarly journals Definition and test of the electromagnetic immunity of UAS for first responders

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 141-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Adami ◽  
S. Chmel ◽  
M. Jöster ◽  
T. Pusch ◽  
M. Suhrke
Keyword(s):  
Video Transmission ◽  
Electromagnetic Compatibility ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
First Responders ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Rf Exposure ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Vantage Points

Abstract. Recent technological developments considerably lowered the barrier for unmanned aerial systems (UAS) to be employed in a variety of usage scenarios, comprising live video transmission from otherwise inaccessible vantage points. As an example, in the French-German ANCHORS project several UAS guided by swarm intelligence provide aerial views and environmental data of a disaster site while deploying an ad-hoc communication network for first responders. Since being able to operate in harsh environmental conditions is a key feature, the immunity of the UAS against radio frequency (RF) exposure has been studied. Conventional Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) applied to commercial and industrial electronics is not sufficient since UAS are airborne and can as such move beyond the bounds within which RF exposure is usually limited by regulatory measures. Therefore, the EMC requirements have been complemented by a set of specific RF test frequencies and parameters where strong sources are expected to interfere in the example project test case of an inland port environment. While no essential malfunctions could be observed up to field strengths of 30 V m−1, a sophisticated, more exhaustive approach for testing against potential sources of interference in key scenarios of UAS usage should be derived from our present findings.

scholarly journals When Two Basic Principles Clash: About the Validity of Written Chat Language as a Research Tool for Spoken Language Variation. Flemish Chatspeak as a Test Case

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benny De Decker ◽  
Reinhild Vandekerckhove ◽  
Dominiek Sandra
Keyword(s):  
Language Variation ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Research Tool ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Language Variation And Change ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Spoken Interaction ◽  
Speech Variation ◽  
Mixed Code

Written chatspeak is said to be marked by two basic principles: (1) write like you speak and (2) write as fast as possible. As for Flemish chat language, the first principle seems to result in a multilayered mixed code, in which dialectical, substandard Flemish and standard Dutch features interact in an eclectic way. In addition, most of the chatters insert English words in their chat discourse as well. This intensive code mixing is assumed to be – at least to a considerable extent – a reflection of the daily speech of these Flemish chatters. But what about the validity of this assumption? Can chatspeak function as an alternative dataset for the study of (spoken) language variation and change and thus as a research tool for e.g. the study of Flemish teenage talk and the representation of non-standard speech in spoken interaction? The dependent variables for the present test case are two substandard Flemish (or ‘tussentaal’) features that urge the chatters to violate the second principle, since their use implies an extension of the utterance. The central question is whether the second principle prevents the use of these substandard forms in Flemish chatspeak. In other words, do the analyses undermine the validity of using written chat corpora as a graduator for speech variation? We finish with a small excursion on the use of English by the Flemish chatters: can we separate English insertions that are triggered by the chat medium from English insertions that are not?

Hierarchal Fuzzy Logic Controller and Internet of Things (IoT) Information

2020 ◽  
pp. 1042-1068
Author(s):  
Rabie A. Ramadan ◽  
Ahmed B. Altamimi
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Health Care Organizations ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Weather Information ◽  
Huge Data ◽  
Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Disease Spreading ◽  
Hoc Networks

With the advances of networks and sensing technologies, it is possible to benefit from the surrounding environment's data in enhancing peoples' life. Currently, we have different types of networks such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), Cellular Networks (CNs), and Social Networks (SNs) along with underlying computing such as Cloud computing. These types of networks provide huge data about the surrounding environments including weather information, peoples' relations, peoples' interest, and location information. This paper examines the suitability of hierarchal fuzzy logic controller in classifying the IoT data. The paper also tries to answer “if-else “questions about the effect of each of the input parameters. The authors' test case in this paper is related to the disease spreading prediction problem. This test case is highly important to the health care organizations. Different case studies are generated to examine the efficiency of the proposed framework and methodologies.

scholarly journals Is realistic neuronal modeling realistic?

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (5) ◽  
pp. 2180-2209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Almog ◽  
Alon Korngreen
Keyword(s):  
Single Neuron ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Scientific Models ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Single Neurons ◽  
Neuron Models ◽  
Neuronal Modeling ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
Successful Model

Scientific models are abstractions that aim to explain natural phenomena. A successful model shows how a complex phenomenon arises from relatively simple principles while preserving major physical or biological rules and predicting novel experiments. A model should not be a facsimile of reality; it is an aid for understanding it. Contrary to this basic premise, with the 21st century has come a surge in computational efforts to model biological processes in great detail. Here we discuss the oxymoronic, realistic modeling of single neurons. This rapidly advancing field is driven by the discovery that some neurons don't merely sum their inputs and fire if the sum exceeds some threshold. Thus researchers have asked what are the computational abilities of single neurons and attempted to give answers using realistic models. We briefly review the state of the art of compartmental modeling highlighting recent progress and intrinsic flaws. We then attempt to address two fundamental questions. Practically, can we realistically model single neurons? Philosophically, should we realistically model single neurons? We use layer 5 neocortical pyramidal neurons as a test case to examine these issues. We subject three publically available models of layer 5 pyramidal neurons to three simple computational challenges. Based on their performance and a partial survey of published models, we conclude that current compartmental models are ad hoc, unrealistic models functioning poorly once they are stretched beyond the specific problems for which they were designed. We then attempt to plot possible paths for generating realistic single neuron models.

scholarly journals Target-based test path prioritization for UML activity diagram using weight assignment methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 575
Author(s):  
Walaiporn Sornkliang ◽  
Thimaporn Phetkaew
Keyword(s):  
Time Management ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Edge Weight ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Activity Diagram ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Activity Diagrams ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Uml Activity Diagram

The benefit of exploratory testing and ad hoc testing by tester’s experience is that crucial bugs are found quickly. Regression testing and test case prioritization are important processes of software testing when software functions have been changed. We propose a test path prioritization method to generate a sequence of test paths that would match the testers’ interests and focuses on the target area of interest or on the changed area. We generate test paths form the activity diagrams and survey the test path prioritization from testers. We define node and edge weight to the symbols of activity diagrams by applying Time management, Pareto, Buffett, Binary, and Bipolar method. Then we propose a test path score equation to prioritize test paths. We also propose evaluation methods i.e., the difference and the similarity of test path prioritization to testers’ interests. Our proposed method had the least average of the difference and the most average of the similarity compare with the tester’s prioritization of test paths. The Bipolar method was the most suitable for assigning weights to match test path rank by the tester. Our proposed method also has given the affected path by changing area higher priority than the other test path.

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