Mucilage sheaths of spores of red algae

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Boney
Keyword(s):  
Red Algae ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Spherical Form ◽  
Sinking Rate ◽  
Clear Halo ◽  
Planktonic Phase ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
Algal Spores ◽  
Mucilaginous Material

If newly released spores of red algae are placed in a suspension of Indian ink in sea water, a clear halo of mucilaginous material will be seen. A similar mucilage cover is also a well-known feature with certain phytoplankton organisms, in which cells of spiny appearance (e.g. freshwater desmids) assume a spherical form in Indian ink when the mucilage cover is also observed (Lund, 1959). The attachment of red algal spores is a process in which mucilage clearly plays some part (Suto, 1950; Nakazawa, 1958; Matsumoto, 1959; Boney, 1966; Linskens, 1966; Moorjani & Jones, 1972; Charters, Neushul & Coon, 1972; Chamberlain & Evans, 1973). Studies on the sinking rate and dispersal of red algal spores have been described (Suto, 1950; Boney, 1965, 1966; Coon, Neushul & Charters, 1972). There appears to be little information on the sizes of the spore mucilage sheaths, and on their likely significance in the planktonic phase of the spore's existence immediately after release. The present work gives the results of an investigation of the spore mucilage of fourteen species of red algae.

Fourth addendum to the synoptic review of red algal genera

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig W. Schneider ◽  
Michael J. Wynne
Keyword(s):  
New Taxa ◽  
Red Algae ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Hierarchical Framework ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
Molecular Sequencing

Abstract The fourth addendum to Schneider and Wynne’s 2007 “A synoptic review of the classification of red algal genera a half century after Kylin’s 1956 ‘Die Gattungen der Rhodophyceen’” is presented, covering the names of genus- and higher-level taxa added or modified since our third addendum (Bot. Mar. 59: 397–404). Since that synopsis, we added 21 new genera in a first addendum, 27 in the second, and 40 in the third, demonstrating the increasing amount of genetic work over more than a decade. In this fourth addendum, we add 58 new genera to the list of red algae as well as many new taxa in the hierarchical framework over the past 3 years. Based upon molecular sequencing, other genera reinstated from synonymy studies are included.

Marine red algae (Rhodophyta) of economic use in the algal drifts from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Phytotaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 387 (3) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARÍA LUISA NÚÑEZ RESENDIZ ◽  
KURT M. DRECKMANN ◽  
ABEL SENTÍES ◽  
MICHAEL J. WYNNE ◽  
HILDA LEÓN TEJERA
Keyword(s):  
Red Algae ◽  
New Records ◽  
Yucatan Peninsula ◽  
First Record ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Yucatán Peninsula ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
Economic Use

Red algae are the most conspicuous component in algal drifts that periodically arrive on the coasts of the Yucatan Peninsula. Given the presence of agars and carrageenans in their cell wall and the synthesis of secondary metabolites that act as antitumors or antioxidants, most of these species are highly valued in the international market. However, in this region of Mexico they are not used but represent a problem of waste from beaches. Our aim was to determine the composition of marine red algae of economic use in the algal drifts of the Yucatan Peninsula, providing brief descriptions, photographs that facilitate their identification and possible explanations for their causes and routes of origin. 13 samplings were carried out at 14 sites, collecting fresh and complete thalli from which the species of economic importance were described. 24 species distributed in six orders and seven families were identified. The most abundant families for both the number of species and the amount of biomass were Gracilariaceae (10 species), Rhodomelaceae (6 species) and Solieriaceae (3 species). The localities with the greatest diversity and biomass were those belonging to Campeche: Sabancuy (11 species), Punta Xen (14 species), Tortuga Bay (13 species) and Playa Bonita (13 species). From the present study we contributed six new records endemic to Campeche, including the first record of the genus Codiophyllum for the Western Atlantic Ocean. Our data on diversity, biomass, periodicity and growth rates of red algal drifts allow us to suggest that the Campeche and Yucatan drifts are a sustainable source of raw material.

scholarly journals Karakteristik Edible Film Berbahan Dasar Ekstrak Karagenan dari Alga Merah (Eucheuma Spinosum)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Ani Nurmilla ◽  
Nety Kurniaty ◽  
Hilda Aprillia W
Keyword(s):  
Red Algae ◽  
Edible Film ◽  
Coating Film ◽  
Percent Elongation ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Main Components

Abstract. Nowadays, edible film is a food coating film that has been developed as a food wrapper. The main components for edible film include carrageenan, starch and pectin. This study aims to isolate carrageenan from red algae and find the best edible film formula from red algal carrageenan. Carrageenan was isolated using NaOH solution of various concentrations of 0.5; 1,0; 1.5 and 2.0 N. Carrageenan which has the best characteristics is then made into an edible film with the addition of glycerol as a plasticizer. Edible film formula is made with four variations of carrageenan concentration, i.e. 1; 1,5; 2 and 2.5%. The results of carrageenan isolation produced the best yield using 2N NaOH, which was 8.4%. The best edible film is edible film made from carrageenan 2.5% because it has the best percent elongation of 77%. Abstrak. Edible film merupakan film penyalut makanan yang banyak dikembangkan akhir-akhir ini sebagai pembungkus makanan. Komponen utama penyusun edible film diantaranya adalah karageenan, pati dan pektin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi karagenan dari alga merah dan mencari formula edible film dari karagenan alga merah yang paling baik. Karagenan diisolasi dengan menggunakan larutan NaOH berbagai konsentrasi yaitu 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 dan 2,0 N. Karagenan yang memiliki karakteristik paling baik kemudian dibuat menjadi edible film dengan tambahan gliserol sebagai plastisizer. Formula edible film dibuat dengan empat variasi konsentrasi karagenan, yaitu 1; 1,5; 2 dan 2,5%. Hasil isolasi karagenan menghasilkan yield yang paling baik menggunakan NaOH 2N, yaitu sebesar 8,4%. Edible film yang paling baik adalah edible film yang dibuat dari karagenan 2,5% karena memiliki persen pemanjangan yang paling baik yaitu 77%.

Actin rings in cytokinesis of apical cells in red algae

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 971-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Garbary ◽  
A. Rosa McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Red Algae ◽  
Ring Formation ◽  
Transverse Wall ◽  
Actin Ring ◽  
Dense Ring ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
First Time ◽  
Actin Rings ◽  
Peripheral Cytoplasm

Actin rings are demonstrated for the first time in florideophyte red algae in Audouinella botryocarpa (Acrochaetiales) and Tiffaniella snyderae and Griffithsia pacifica (Ceramiales). Rings formed a complete circle in the peripheral cytoplasm prior to the development of the septum by furrowing. In the uninucleate A. botryocarpa, ring formation precedes mitosis. In all species F-actin initially has a diffuse to longitudinal alignment throughout the cell. The actin realigns and then contracts to form a dense actin ring. Following cell division, aggregations of actin are maintained along the transverse wall in at least G. pacifica and A. botryocarpa, and a dense ring of actin was observed around a pit plug in T. snyderae. The occurrence of actin rings in cell division of members of the Acrochaetiales and Ceramiales is consistent with ultrastructural observations on red algal unicells and suggests that actin rings are part of the ancestral cytokinetic mechanism in red algae. Keywords: actin rings, cell division, cytokinesis, cytoskeleton, microfilaments, Rhodophyta.

A contaminant DNA barcode sequence reveals a new red algal order, Corynodactylales (Nemaliophycidae, Florideophyceae)

Botany ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 561-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Saunders ◽  
Katelyn L. Wadland ◽  
Eric D. Salomaki ◽  
Christopher E. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Red Algae ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Red Alga ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
Multigene Phylogenetic Analysis

Routine DNA barcode surveys of red algae can occasionally yield contaminant sequences owing to the diverse epi/endo flora and fauna that can inhabit these species. Often discarded as nuisance data, further exploration in this study led to the discovery of an unusual red alga with a highly characteristic vegetative development in which the diminutive primary vegetative filaments are terminated by distinctive monosporangia. This entity is described here as Corynodactylus rejiciendus G.W. Saunders gen. et sp. nov. Generating genomic data from the host and associated epiphytic flora, and subsequently subtracting out genes of the former, facilitated a multigene phylogenetic analysis supporting recognition of Corynodactylaceae fam. nov. and Corynodactylales ord. nov. as a distant sister to the order Balliales in the subclass Nemaliophycidae.

An ultrastructural study of cell division in the coralline red alga Bossiella orbigniana

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Broadwater ◽  
Joe Scott ◽  
Dawn Field ◽  
Bill Saunders ◽  
Jewel Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Red Algae ◽  
Polar Region ◽  
Algal Cell ◽  
Metaphase Plate ◽  
Red Alga ◽  
Nucleolar Material ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
Polar Gap ◽  
Rough Er

This investigation of Bossiella orbigniana (Decaisne) Silva ssp. orbigniana represents the first ultrastructural account of cell division in the order Corallinales. The mitotic process in this alga is differentiated from that of other red algae by a combination of characters. During prometaphase–metaphase the division poles contain unusual membrane arrangements including quantities of smooth-surfaced membranes and elongate extensions of perinuclear rough ER. At anaphase extensive remnants of nucleolar material attach to the chromosomes, trailing them to the poles. After telophase, the distal nucleus continues to move toward the apex resulting in much greater nuclear segregation than accomplished by anaphase alone. Cytokinesis is temporally displaced from mitosis and displaced distally from the metaphase plate. A reevaluation of ultrastructural patterns of red algal cell division suggests that there are two basic types of mitosis, the polar gap type and the polar fenestrations type to which B. orbigniana belongs. These two types are differentiated by a number of characters with the most important being the configuration of the prometaphase–metaphase polar region and spindle origin. Key words: Bossiella, cell division, Corallinales, mitosis, phylogeny, red algae.

scholarly journals Are all red algal parasites cut from the same cloth?

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Salomaki ◽  
Christopher E. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Red Algae ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Life Strategy ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
Parasite Evolution

Parasitism is a common life strategy throughout the eukaryotic tree of life. Many devastating human pathogens, including the causative agents of malaria and toxoplasmosis, have evolved from a photosynthetic ancestor. However, how an organism transitions from a photosynthetic to a parasitic life history strategy remains mostly unknown. This is largely because few systems present the opportunity to make meaningful comparisons between a parasite and a close free-living relative. Parasites have independently evolved dozens of times throughout the Florideophyceae (Rhodophyta), and often infect close relatives. The accepted evolutionary paradigm proposes that red algal parasites arise by first infecting a close relative and over time diversify and infect more distantly related species. This provides a natural evolutionary gradient of relationships between hosts and parasites that share a photosynthetic common ancestor. Elegant microscopic work in the late 20th century provided detailed insight into the infection cycle of red algal parasites and the cellular interactions between parasites and their hosts. Those studies led to the use of molecular work to further investigate the origins of the parasite organelles and reveal the evolutionary relationships between hosts and their parasites. Here we synthesize the research detailing the infection methods and cellular interactions between red algal parasites and their hosts. We offer an alternative hypothesis to the current dogma of red algal parasite evolution and propose that red algae can adopt a parasitic life strategy through multiple evolutionary pathways, including direct infection of distant relatives. Furthermore, we highlight potential directions for future research to further evaluate parasite evolution in red algae.

Artificial substrates as a means of monitoring rocky shore cryptofauna

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 963-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Myers ◽  
T. Southgate
Keyword(s):  
Red Algae ◽  
Rocky Shore ◽  
Prime Factor ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Artificial Substrates ◽  
Rocky Shores ◽  
Destructive Sampling ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
Monitoring Protocols

Two types of artificial substrate (nylon pan-scourers) have been shown to be highly efficient collectors of cryptofauna on rocky shores. The communities which develop in them are closely similar to those which develop in naturally occurring red algal turfs in Bantry Bay. The physical structure of the red algae appears to be the prime factor in determining the development of populations of most of the cryptofaunal species studied. In monitoring protocols artificial substrates of the types described here can be substituted for naturally occurring red algae in studies on shore cryptofauna obviating the necessity for destructive sampling of algae and facilitating statistical analysis by providing a standard ‘unit’ of substrate for comparative purposes. Furthermore, recruitment intensity of two species of gastropod has been shown to be similar in the artificial substrates to that in natural turfs

scholarly journals Red algal parasites: A synopsis of described species, their hosts, distinguishing characters and areas for continued research

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maren Preuss ◽  
WA Nelson ◽  
Giuseppe Zuccarello
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Red Algae ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Cell Control ◽  
Full Extent ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
Algal Groups ◽  
Parasite Biodiversity

© 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. Red algal parasites are diverse organisms that are unusual due to the fact that many are closely related to their hosts. Parasitism has developed many times within different red algal groups, but the full extent of parasite biodiversity is unknown, as parasites are easily overlooked due to their small size and often low abundance. Additionally, the literature on red algal parasites is dispersed and has not been compiled in over 30 years. Although criteria have been proposed to define what constitutes a red algal parasite, many parasites are poorly described, and the cellular interactions with their host are poorly known. A few studies have demonstrated that parasites transfer organelles to host cells, which can alter the physiology of the host to the benefit of the parasite. Here, we apply a set of defining criteria for parasites to a compiled list of all described red algal parasites. Our results highlight the lack of knowledge of many key parasitic processes including early parasite development, host cell "control", and parasite origin. Until the biology of more parasites is studied, generalisations on the processes of parasitism in red algae may be premature. We hope this synopsis will stimulate research into this fascinating group.

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