Sterols of the Cephalopod Spirula Spirula

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 843-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Ballantine ◽  
John C. Roberts ◽  
Robert J. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Sterol Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Sepia Officinalis ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Dietary Origin

The sterol biochemistry of the highly advanced molluscan class – the cephalopods – is poorly understood. Few analyses of their component sterols have been published in which GC-MS has been employed (Voogt, 1973; Idler et al. 1978; ApSimon & Burnell, 1980) and these have only involved 5 species.From the available data the cephalopods appear to have a much simpler sterol make-up than the other less-advanced molluscs. Cholesterol appears to be easily the predominant sterol (ca. 90%) with minor amounts of up to 10 other common marine sterols. Of the species analysed, four (Sepia officinalis, Octopus vulgaris, Eledone aldrovandi and Illex illecebrosus) had a very similar major and minor sterol composition. Only the more primitive Nautilus sp. (Idler et al. 1978) had a noticeably different minor sterol composition.Voogt (1973) reported cephalopods to be able to synthesise sterols though molluscs generally appear only to be able to carry out this biosynthesis slowly (Goad, 1978). Cephalopods are extremely active carnivores and thus would be expected to have a diverse diet. If their component sterols are of a dietary origin, a considerable variation in their minor sterol composition might be expected on the basis of the range in sterol composition reported for pelagic organisms (e.g. Morris & Culkin, 1977), many of which may be possible dietary components.Detailed knowledge however of cephalopod diets is limited. Quite apart from the fact that healthy specimens are rarely caught in nets, those that are caught often feed voraciously on the other organisms trapped in the net prior to being brought on board for examination.

6. Arrangement of the Metals in an Electro-Frictional Scale

1884 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 412-432
Author(s):  
A. Macfarlane
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
The One ◽  
Voltaic Cell ◽  
Made In

While, in recent years, the progress of the science of electricity has been very rapid, few investigations have been made in the old province of frictional electricity. It cannot be doubted, however, that the laws connecting electricity with friction, and with the nature of the substances rubbed, are of great importance; and the acquisition of more detailed knowledge in this department may throw some light on the still imperfect theory of the voltaic cell. Several electricians have expressed an opinion that the development of electricity by friction is only a modification of the development of electricity by contact–that friction is contact in which the number of points which come together is increased by sliding the one substance over the other. But whether friction is a form of contact, or contact a form of friction, or the two co-ordinate to one another, it is interesting to inquire whether the metals can be arranged in an electro-frictional series similar to the electro-contact series; and if so, to observe the relation of the former to the latter.

scholarly journals A CRITICAL REVIEW OF VATIKA HRIDROGA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
Anchal Jaiswal ◽  
Sanjay Kumar Singh ◽  
Seema Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Ischemic Heart Disease ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ischemic Heart ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Disease Entity ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Day By Day

Given increasing evidence, most deaths are due to non-communicable diseases; half of them are the cardiovascular disease. Hridaya is moolasthana of pranvavaha and rasavaha strotas. According to Acharya Sushruta, any condition that produces disturbance in the heart is Hridroga. It is classified into five types. Vataja Hridroga is characterized by Ruja in Urah Pradesha (Pain in the chest region). Vatika type seems to have conceived the disease entity correlated with ischemic heart disease. None of the other Cardiac afflictions appears to have been described under Hridroga. The prevalence rate in the younger age group is increasing day by day so, we need to know the detailed knowledge of vatika hridroga

Ultrafiltration in the Branchial Heart Appendage of Dibranchiate Cephalopods: A Comparative Ultrastructural and Physiological Study

1981 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-35
Author(s):  
R. SCHIPP ◽  
F. HEVERT
Keyword(s):  
Basal Lamina ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Physiological Study ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Sepia Officinalis ◽  
Branchial Heart ◽  
Urine Formation

It is shown that ultrafiltration could be the first step in urine formation in Sepia officinalis and Octopus vulgaris. The organization of the podocytes indicates that ultrafiltration can occur through these cells. They have a thick basal lamina in contact with the peripheral blood lacunae, and the cell apices lie in infoldings of the lumen of the appendage. Comparison between the colloid-osmotic and the hydrostatic pressures of the fluids in the branchial heart and the pericardial coelom shows that an ultrafiltration can take place during the branchial heart systole as well as during a long phase of the diastole. Comparison of the osmolalities of blood, coelomic fluid, renal-sac fluid, and sea water shows that these species are hypoosmotic regulators.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 249-260
Author(s):  
Oliver Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Performance Practices ◽  
Early Modern Theatre ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Turn Taking ◽  
The One

This chapter examines the implications the turn-taking approach for our understanding of early modern performance practices. On the one hand, Shakespearean dialogue is full of subtle effects of timing and sequence that would seem to call for careful rehearsal and a detailed knowledge of the script. On the other hand, everything we know about early modern theatre suggests it was performed with minimal rehearsal by actors who did not necessarily know when, or from where, their next cue would arrive. This apparent mismatch I call ‘the performability gap’. The question is how it can be bridged. The explanation provided by Simon Palfrey and Tiffany Stern—that Shakespeare’s plays are designed to make artistic capital from their own under-rehearsal—does not entirely solve the problem. The second half of the chapter speculates about how else we might account for the gap.

scholarly journals ATLAS Technical Coordination Expert System

2019 ◽  
Vol 214 ◽  
pp. 05035
Author(s):  
Ignacio Asensi Tortajada ◽  
André Rummler ◽  
George Salukvadze ◽  
Carlos Solans Sánchez ◽  
Kendall Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Fault Tree Analysis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Electricity Distribution ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Risk Assessment Models ◽  
Gas Cooling ◽  
The One

When planning an intervention on a complex experiment like ATLAS, the detailed knowledge of the system under intervention and of the interconnection with all the other systems is mandatory. In order to improve the understanding of the parties involved in an intervention, a rule-based expert system has been developed. On the one hand this helps to recognise dependencies that are not always evident and on the other hand it facilitates communication between experts with different backgrounds by translating between vocabularies of specific domains. To simulate an event this tool combines information from different areas such as detector control (DCS) and safety (DSS) systems, gas, cooling, ventilation, and electricity distribution. The inference engine provides a list of the systems impacted by an intervention even if they are connected at a very low level and belong to different domains. It also predicts the probability of failure for each of the components affected by an intervention. Risk assessment models considered are fault tree analysis and principal component analysis. The user interface is a web-based application that uses graphics and text to provide different views of the detector system adapted to the different user needs and to interpret the data

Muscle receptors in cephalopods

1965 ◽  
Vol 161 (984) ◽  
pp. 392-402 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Sepia Officinalis ◽  
Muscle Receptors ◽  
Intramuscular Nerve ◽  
Nerve Cords

Multipolar nerve cells with the characteristics of muscle receptors have been shown in the arms of Octopus vulgaris . The dendrites of these cells branch out into the muscle fibres and their axons make their way to small, intramuscular ganglion centres (ganglion of the sucker and intramuscular nerve cords), in which they seem to end. Multipolar nerve cells with characteristics similar to those of the cells described in Octopus have also been shown in the lip of Sepia officinalis . Such evidence permits one to think that these structures are more frequent in the cephalopods than has been suspected hitherto and it confirms the presence of a system of proprioceptors.

scholarly journals The radular apparatus of cephalopods

1999 ◽  
Vol 354 (1380) ◽  
pp. 161-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Messenger ◽  
J. Z. Young
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
The Other ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Hard Material ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Front End ◽  
Food Particles ◽  
Receptor Organ ◽  
First Time ◽  
Support Rod

This paper describes the ontogeny, breakdown and absorption of the radular teeth of cephalopods and, for the first time, considers the function of the ‘bolsters’ or radular support muscles. The radular ribbon, which bears many regularly arranged transverse rows of teeth one behind the other, lies in a radular canal that emerges from the radular sac. Here the radular teeth are formed by a set of elongate cells with microvilli, the odontoblasts. These are organized into two layers, the outer producing the radular membrane and the bases of the teeth, the inner producing the cusps. The odontoblasts also secrete the hyaline shield and the teeth on the lateral buccal palps, when these are present. At the front end of the radular ribbon the teeth become worn in feeding and are replaced from behind by new ones formed continuously in the radular sac, so that the whole ribbon moves forward during ontogeny. Removal of the old teeth is achieved by cells in the radular organs; these cells, which are formed from modified odontoblasts (‘odontoclasts’), dissolve the teeth and membranes and absorb them. There is a subradular organ in all cephalopods. In Octopus vulgaris , which bores into mollusc shells and crustacean carapaces, it is especially well–developed and there is also a supraradular organ. A characteristic feature of the cephalopod radular apparatus is the pair of large radular support muscles or ‘bolsters’. Their function seems never to have been investigated, but experiments reported here show that when they elongate, the radular teeth become erect at the bending plane and splayed, presumably enhancing their ability to rake food particles into the pharynx. The bolsters of Octopus function as muscular hydrostats: because their volume is fixed, contraction of their powerful transverse muscles causes them to elongate. In decapods and in nautiloids each bolster contains a ‘support rod’ of semi–fluid material, as well as massive transverse musculature. This rod may elongate to erect the radular teeth. At the extreme front end of the bolsters in Octopus there are many nerve fibres that may constitute a receptor organ signalling the movements of the radula against hard material. Such nerves are absent from decapods and from octopods that do not bore holes. The buccal mass of Nautilus is massive, with heavily calcified tips to the beaks and a wide radular ribbon, with 13 rather than nine elements in each row. Nevertheless all the usual coleoid features are present in the radular apparatus and the teeth are formed and broken down in the same way. However, Nautilus has a unique structure, the radular appendage. This comprises a papillate mass extending over the palate in the mid–line and forming paired lateral masses that are in part secretory. The organ is attached to the front of the radula by muscles and connective tissue. Its function is unknown.

scholarly journals Intestinal gene expression in pigs: effects of reduced feed intake during weaning and potential impact of dietary components

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Bauer ◽  
Barbara U. Metzler-Zebeli ◽  
Martin W. A. Verstegen ◽  
Rainer Mosenthin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Tool ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Enteral Nutrients ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal

The weaning transition is characterised by morphological, histological and microbial changes, often leading to weaning-associated disorders. These intestinal changes can partly be ascribed to the lack of luminal nutrition arising from the reduced feed intake common in pigs after weaning. It is increasingly becoming clear that changes in the supply with enteral nutrients may have major impacts on intestinal gene expression. Furthermore, the major dietary constituents, i.e. carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids, participate in the regulation of intestinal gene expression. However, nutrients may also escape digestion by mammalian enzymes in the upper gastrointestinal tract. These nutrients can be used by the microflora, resulting in the production of bacterial metabolites, for example, SCFA, which may affect intestinal gene expression indirectly. The present review provides an insight on possible effects of reduced feed intake on intestinal gene expression, as it may occur post-weaning. Detailed knowledge on effects of reduced feed intake on intestinal gene expression may help to understand weaning-associated intestinal dysfunctions and diseases. Examples are given of intestinal genes which may be altered in their expression due to supply with specific nutrients. In that way, gene expression could be modulated by dietary means, thereby acting as a potential therapeutic tool. This could be achieved, for example, by influencing genes coding for digestive or absorptive proteins, thus optimising digestive function and metabolism, but also with regard to immune response, or by influencing proliferative processes, thereby enhancing mucosal repair. This would be of special interest when designing a diet to overcome weaning-associated problems.

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