Nervous Control of Gut Movements in Lophius

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Z. Young
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
Nervous Control ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Hand Control ◽  
Excitatory Action

There are not sufficient data available to allow any general statements about the earlier stages of evolution of the autonomic nervous system and of its various transmitter mechanisms. In the previous paper (Young, 1980) it was shown that control of the stomach of elasmobranchs is largely by the inhibitory action of the sympathetic nerves, probably mediated by 5-HT. In teleostean fishes on the other hand control seems to be mainly by the cholinergic excitatory action of the vagus, especially in the more advanced (acanthopterygian) groups (Grove & Campbell, 1979a, b; Fänge & Grove, 1979).

scholarly journals Relationship between the tone of the autonomic nervous system in cows and copper content in blood depending on the seasons

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Zhurenko ◽  
◽  
V. Karpovskyi ◽  
V. Zhurenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Copper Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Multifactor Analysis ◽  
The One ◽  
Vegetative Status

The tone of the autonomic nervous system is considered on the one hand as one of the manifestations of homeostasis, and on the other hand, as one of the mechanisms of its regulation. The predominance of the tonic effect of the parasympathetic and sympathetic departments of the autonomic nervous system is defined as vagotonia and sympathicotonia. The tone of the autonomic nervous system in cows was determined using a trigeminal vagal test. According to the results, the animal was classified as normotonic, sympathicotonic or vagotonic. The tone of the autonomic nervous system in cows in summer inversely correlated with copper content in whole blood (r=-0.62; p<0.05) and blood cells (r=-0.58; p<0.05). In winter, the correlation of the tone of the autonomic nervous system in cows with its content in whole blood, serum and blood cells did not reach significant values (r=-0.21–0.36). Increased tone of the parasympathetic department of the autonomic nervous system, regardless of the season, had almost no effect on copper content in serum, whole blood and its cells (ղ²x=0.01–0.23). At the same time, sympathicotonia in summer has a significant impact only on the copper content in blood cells – ղ²x=0.58 (p<0.05), while in winter this effect increased significantly (ղ²x=0.91; p<0.001). The multifactor analysis of variance revealed the dependence of copper content on the tone of the autonomic nervous system and the season. However, the vegetative status of cows had a significant impact on its content only in blood cells (F=8.59>FU=4.41; p<0.01), and the season limited copper content only in whole blood (F=12.12>FU=3.55; p<0.01).

scholarly journals Mujeres violentas y/o delincuentes: una visión desde la perspectiva biopsicosocial

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
Virginia Soldino ◽  
Ángel Romero-Martínez ◽  
Luis Moya-Albiol
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Drug Consumption ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cycle Of Violence ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Low Levels

Violence and/or delinquency in women have been masked to some extent by society. Thus, the main goal of this work is to deeply analyse the published works on these matters, in order to understand this phenomenon from a neurobiological perspective. Firstly, the theory of the cycle of violence as a facilitating mechanism of violence in women will be analysed, with a special emphasis on neuroanatomical correlates. Subsequently, the relation between drug consumption and violence in women will be explained. Finally, the main biological correlates known as facilitating mechanisms of violence in women will be exhaustively described. The main risk factors for the facilitation of violence and/or delinquency in women are mistreatment experiences during childhood and drug consumption. Furthermore, high levels of cortisol and testosterone and low levels of serotonin and oxytocin would be correlates of that violence. On the other hand, two types of aggressors have been described according to the response of the Autonomic Nervous System: the premeditated ones, who present a low reactivity, and the impulsive ones, who present a psychophysiological hyper-reactivity. As it is a complex and insufficiently studied issue, increasing the corpus of knowledge in this topic is necessary with the objective of developing effective programmes of treatment and/or prevention.

CONFIRMATION OF THE CLINICAL VALUE AND THE EFFECT OF SOUND BIOFEEDBACK ON THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM THROUGH HEART RATE VARIABILITY ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150036
Author(s):  
DAECHANG KIM ◽  
SEUNGBONG LEE ◽  
SUNGMIN KIM ◽  
JAEHOON JEONG
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Heart Rate Variability Analysis ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Autonomic Nervous

The purpose of this study is to suggest sound biofeedback, which is a new technique of early stress relief effect by observing change in the heart rate variability (HRV). The sound biofeedback imitating heart rate of the comfortable and stress state is termed parasympathetic stimulation sound (PSS) and sympathetic stimulation sound (SSS), respectively. Twelve subjects were selected without previous history of cardiovascular diseases and mental illness, such as arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, depression and panic disorder. To confirm the changes in the low-frequency (LF), high-frequency (HF) and LF/HF values of HRV as stress evaluation indicators, the HRV of subjects was measured by photoplethysmogram. Signals were processed using the peak detect algorithm, and fast Fourier transform. Results were obtained using power specific densities. During the PSS stimulation, the LF/HF tended to decrease generally. On the other hand, during the SSS stimulation, LF/HF tended to increase. The LF/HF Mean change value ([Formula: see text]) using the PSS stimulation is similar to the effect of Transcutaneous Vagal Nerve Stimulation (tVNS). In addition, the quantitative effect of sound biofeedback was confirmed by judging changes in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) through [Formula: see text]-score normalized data. These experimental results suggest that sound biofeedback has the same stimulation location and clinical applicability as tVNS. As a result, sound biofeedback may be used as a new method for stress reduction.

Autonomic nervous control of postprandial hemodynamic changes at rest and upright exercise

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1862-1865 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kelbaek ◽  
O. Munck ◽  
N. J. Christensen ◽  
J. Godtfredsen
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Hemodynamic Changes ◽  
Nervous Control ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Autonomic Nervous Control

Postprandial hemodynamic changes were studied in healthy subjects at rest and during exercise in the upright position with and without autonomic blockade of the heart. At rest cardiac output increased 61% mostly because of a stroke volume increase accomplished by left ventricular end-diastolic dilation. These changes seemed to be dependent on the autonomic nervous system, whereas the postprandial heart rate increase did not. During exercise cardiac output was 23% higher after food intake due to a rise in both stroke volume and heart rate. These changes were apparently under influence of the autonomic nervous system, whereas left ventricular dilation was not. The present findings indicate that most of the postprandial changes in the central circulation are under control of the autonomic nervous system.

scholarly journals Minireview: The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in Mediating the Glucagon Response to Hypoglycemia

Endocrinology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (3) ◽  
pp. 1055-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald J. Taborsky ◽  
Thomas O. Mundinger
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Parasympathetic Nerves ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
Autoimmune Attack

In type 1 diabetes, the impairment of the glucagon response to hypoglycemia increases both its severity and duration. In nondiabetic individuals, hypoglycemia activates the autonomic nervous system, which in turn mediates the majority of the glucagon response to moderate and marked hypoglycemia. The first goal of this minireview is therefore to illustrate and document these autonomic mechanisms. Specifically we describe the hypoglycemic thresholds for activating the three autonomic inputs to the islet (parasympathetic nerves, sympathetic nerves, and adrenal medullary epinephrine) and their magnitudes of activation as glucose falls from euglycemia to near fatal levels. The implication is that their relative contributions to this glucagon response depend on the severity of hypoglycemia. The second goal of this minireview is to discuss known and suspected down-regulation or damage to these mechanisms in diabetes. We address defects in the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and in the islet itself. They are categorized as either functional defects caused by glucose dysregulation or structural defects caused by the autoimmune attack of the islet. In the last section of the minireview, we outline approaches for reversing these defects. Such reversal has both scientific and clinical benefit. Scientifically, one could determine the contribution of these defects to the impairment of glucagon response seen early in type 1 diabetes. Clinically, restoring this glucagon response would allow more aggressive treatment of the chronic hyperglycemia that is linked to the debilitating long-term complications of this disease.

Effect of Δ9- and Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabinol on the Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System In Vitro

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Gascon ◽  
M. T. Pérès
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Cholinesterase Inhibitor ◽  
Phrenic Nerve ◽  
Vas Deferens ◽  
The Other ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Agonistic Activity

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Δ9- and Δ8tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on some isolated muscles. The results observed show that Δ9- and Δ8THC do not have agonistic activity on the vas deferens, the phrenic nerve – diaphragm, and the ileum preparations. On the other hand, both compounds produce a transient potentiation followed by the inhibition of the acetylcholine-induced contraction as well as a potentiation of the musculotropic activity of noradrenaline on the isolated vas deferens. Furthermore, we have observed that Δ8THC reverses the anti-cholinergic action of atropine, conteracts the anti-angiotensin activity of morphine, and finally, abolishes the potentiation of noradrenaline produced by cocaine. On the phrenic nerve – diaphragm preparation Δ9THC does not modify the contraction produced by nerve stimulation but alters the effect of physostigmine, an anti-cholinesterase inhibitor.

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