scholarly journals On the Use of Sodium Bicarbonate and Calcium in the Rectification of Sea-Water in Aquaria

1932 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Breder ◽  
H. W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Closed Circulation ◽  
Hydrogenion Concentration

The use of sodium bicarbonate for the maintenance of the proper hydrogenion concentration and bicarbonate content in marine aquaria using a closed circulation, was recommended by Breder and Howley (1). It was pointed out by them that this substance was more suitable for such purposes than quicklime which is used in the Plymouth Aquarium, because the latter “disproportionately increases the calcium content.” Atkins (2) disagrees with this opinion chiefly on the grounds that sulphates from metabolized food do not tend to increase the acidity of the water. Atkins quotes Smith (3) as stating that the urinary SO4 comes from ingested sea-water, and neglects entirely the fact that Smith had reference to the bulk of the urinary salts. As Smith remarks on page 494, a fraction of the urinary S04 is of metabolic origin, and this fraction is of course the only S04 which is significant in the problem discussed by Breder and Howley.

scholarly journals Studies on calcium content in sea water: III. calcium in the waters of Cananéia lagoon and its adjacent regions, state of São Paulo, Brazil

1966 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Kato
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Atlantic Water ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Calcium Distribution ◽  
Geochemical Properties ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Bacterial Decomposition ◽  
Land Water

In this paper a series of geochemical investigations are reported with respect to calcium contents in different waters collected from the sea off the coast of Cananéia, the lagoon surrounding Cananéia Island and from Nóbrega river (one of the saline branches from the lagoon, also called "marigot"). An almost direct relation of calcium to chlorinity, 0.02168 in average, similar to that of the outer Atlantic water, 0.02156, was observed in the coastal water. This indicates that the terrigenous supply of calcium might not contribute very much to the calcium content in the coastal water. The inflow of land water to the lagoon of Cananéia does not increase the calcium content of the lagoon water, where a slight depression of the Ca/Cl gradient (namely 0.0206) was observed. This characteristic of the calcium distribution is more remarkable in the water of the "marigot", branching off from the lagoon. An extremely low gradient of calcium to chlorinity, 0.0177 is one of the geochemical characteristics found in tropical estuaries where active bacterial decomposition of deposited organic materials renders the geochemical properties of the water more acid and more reduced. The low content of calcium in land water, 4-6 mg/Ca/kg, has also of course, a close relationship to this peculiar aspect of the calcium distribution in the coastal water, and further in the Atlantic water off the Brazilian coast.

scholarly journals Studies on calcium content in sea water: I. chelatometric determination of calcium in sea water

1966 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Kato
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Chelate Compound ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Negative Error ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Volumetric Titration ◽  
Selective Analysis

The chelatometry - volumetric titration whith a chelate compound such as EDTA-2Na (disodium ethylenediaminetetracetate) - was applied to the determination of calcium in sea water. Sea water contains in general, approximately three times more magnesium than calcium. It is true that the chelatometry has presently given the possibility" of selective analysis of calcium in the coexistence of magnesium, but an abundant amount of coexisting magnesium, as in the case of sea water, is likely to cause an unfavorable negative-error of the titre in titrating calcium with EDTA using murexide indicator in a strongly alkaline medium. The author firstly examined how the negative error of the titre was affected by the probable conditions of the analysis; i.e., the quantity of coexisting magnenium, the hydrogen-ion concentration of the medium, and the addition of a masking reagent, as sucrose or sodium carbonate. These chemical examinations about the analytical conditions led to a procedure of analysis, by means of which it is possible to determine calcium in sea water easily, in a few minutes, with fairly high precision. As this method is very simple and gives an accuracy of ± 0.4% using only 10 ml of the water sample, it is recommended as a procedure to determine calcium in oceanographical observations aboard, in which a lot of water samples have to be analysed in a comparatively short period of time.

scholarly journals POTASSIUM MOVEMENT IN RELATION TO NERVE ACTIVITY

1951 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 795-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham M. Shanes
Keyword(s):  
Time Constant ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Squid Axon ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Potassium Accumulation ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Wet Weight

The depolarization of crab nerve during repetitive stimulation is unaffected by the presence of glucose or by an increase in the calcium content of the medium. It is increased in both amplitude and rate by veratrine; in the presence of this alkaloid mixture the rate but not the magnitude of the depolarization is increased by an elevation in the calcium concentration. Repolarization following stimulation is unaltered by glucose and accelerated by a greater calcium concentration. Veratrine increases both the amplitude and the time constant of repolarization; its effect on the time constant is counteracted by an elevation of the calcium in the medium. Potassium released during stimulation and its reabsorption following activity have been observed by analyses of small volumes of sea water in contact with crab nerve. Under the conditions employed 3 x 10–8 µM potassium is liberated per impulse per gm. wet weight of nerve. This loss is increased by low concentrations of veratrine, which also increase the amount reabsorbed during recovery. The depletion of potassium from the medium is appreciably less if the potassium previously released during activity has not been removed. Inexcitability resulting from anoxia can be washed away with oxygen-free solution—rapidly and completely in the case of the squid axon, slowly and incompletely in crab nerve. The potassium shifts are in the proper direction and of the correct order of magnitude to account for the negative and positive after-potentials in terms of potassium accumulation or depletion in the extracellular space.

The Effect of Environmental Calcium and Ovine Prolactin on Sodium Balance in Fundulus Kansae

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75
Author(s):  
W. T. W. POTTS ◽  
W. R. FLEMING
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Uptake System ◽  
Potassium Efflux ◽  
Sodium Efflux ◽  
Before And After

1. The sodium contents and rates of turnover of sodium have been determined in both intact and hypophysectomized Fundulus kansae in a variety of media. 2. A reduction of the calcium content of fresh water from 1.0 to 0.1 mM/l increased the rate of sodium efflux by half while transter to calcium-free water increased the rate several fold. 3. The rate of sodium efflux increased fourfold in sea water containing no magnesium and only 1 mm/l calcium. 4. Hypophysectomy increased the rate of efflux in fresh water but reduced it in sea water. 5. Intact fish adapted to sea water and treated with prolactin showed a net gain of sodium probably due to a reduction in the activity of the sodium efflux pump. 6. Both intact and hypophysectomized fish on transfer from sea water to fresh water reduced the rate of efflux of sodium in a series of stages. 7. Studies of the rate of efflux of sodium before and after transfer between various media showed no evidence of exchange diffusion or of a linked sodium-potassium efflux pump, but did show evidence or interaction between sodium and chloride fluxes probably as a consequence of potential changes. 8. The rate of efflux of sodium from F. kansae doubled following hypophysectomy. The ability of hypophysectomized F. kansae to survive in fresh water after hypophysectomy, unlike F. heteroclitus, is due to a more effective uptake system.

On the Effect of Long Continued Additions of Lime to Aquarium Sea-water

1932 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. N. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Aquarium Water ◽  
Normal Calcium ◽  
Tank Water

The contention of Breder and Howley (1931), and Breder and Smith (1932) that liming may lead to an increase in calcium in aquarium water is correct. In January, 1932, when the salinity of the Plymouth tank water was 38.0‰ the calcium content was about 0.62 g. per litre compared with about 0.39 g. found in the sea-water off Plymouth by the permanganate method. Thus compared with the normal calcium content of water of 38‰ salinity a 46% excess was present. One liming did not increase the calcium content appreciably, which suggests that the water is at the present time (Jan., 1932) saturated with respect to calcium. Other indirect evidence lends some support to this statement.

scholarly journals Shear Strength of Geopolymer Concrete Beams Using High Calcium Content Fly Ash in a Marine Environment

Buildings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sigit Darmawan ◽  
Ridho Bayuaji ◽  
Hidajat Sugihardjo ◽  
Nur Ahmad Husin ◽  
Raden Buyung Anugraha Affandhie
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Shear Load ◽  
Geopolymer Concrete ◽  
Loading Test ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Concrete Resistivity

This paper deals with the behavior of a geopolymer concrete beam (GCB) under shear load using high calcium content fly ash (FA). The effect of the marine environment on the shear strength of GCB was considered by curing the specimen in a sea splashing zone for 28 days. Destructive and non-destructive tests were carried out to determine the properties of geopolymer concrete in different curing environments. Geopolymer concretes cured at room temperature showed higher compressive strength, slightly lower porosity, and higher concrete resistivity than that of those cured in sea water. From the loading test of the GCB under shear load, there was no effect of a sea environment on the crack pattern and crack development of the beam. The shear strength of the GCB generally exceeded the predicted shear strength based on the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Code.

scholarly journals Utilization of High Calcium Content Fly Ash: Flexural Strength of Geopolymer Concrete Beams in Sea Water Environment

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 782-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ridho Bayuaji ◽  
M Sigit Darmawan ◽  
Boedi Wibowo ◽  
NA Husin ◽  
Srie Subekti
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Concrete Beams ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Geopolymer Concrete ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Chloride Environment

This paper presents a study of the flexural strength of geopolymer concrete beam using high calcium content fly ash (FA) in marine environment, without high heat curing. Two series of beam specimens were loaded to failure to study the effect of chloride environment on the flexural strength of geopolymer concrete beams. Series I specimens were subjected to sea environment, whereas series II were kept at room temperature. Tests performed on concrete cylinders show that the sea water has no effect on compressive and splitting tensile stress of high calcium content FA based geopolymer concrete. However, the ratio of splitting and compressive strength for both series was approximately 44%, almost double than that of normal concrete. In addition, the flexural test of concrete beams shows that the average cracking load for series I specimens was 275% higher than that of series II. However, the ultimate load, crack pattern and deflection characteristic for both series were very similar.

Calcium homeostatic mechanisms and uptake of radioisotopes in the lobster

1962 ◽  
Vol 202 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora K. Hayes ◽  
Leon Singer ◽  
W. D. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Ion ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Bathing Solution ◽  
Bathing Medium ◽  
Calcified Tissue ◽  
Significant Uptake ◽  
Almost All

Hemolymph calcium levels were decreased by one-half by placing lobsters in artificial sea water containing less than 1 mEq/liter calcium ion. In these animals sodium and phosphate content of dry shell was increased but the shell calcium content was not detecsably altered. Calcium appearing in the bathing medium was apparently derived from two sources. While control animals exhibited a significant ability to select calcium in preference to strontium only in gill and mandible tissue, almost all tissues of hypocalcemic animals showed significant uptake of Ca45 over Sr85. Claw shell acquired more isotope per gram of dry weight than did other calcified tissue. Cesium (Cs134) was not taken up to any great extent by internal soft tissues. Gills contained two to three times as much Cs134 relative to bathing solution as did gills from animals exposed to solutions containing Ca45 and Sr85.

Ultrastructure of the basal body apparatus in epidermal cells of a sponge larva (Aplysilla SP: Demospongiae)

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 928-929
Author(s):  
R.L. Pinto ◽  
R.M. Woollacott
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Basal Body ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Basal Apparatus ◽  
Striated Rootlet ◽  
The Common ◽  
Basal Foot ◽  
Sexually Mature

The basal body and its associated rootlet are the organelles responsible for anchoring the flagellum or cilium in the cytoplasm. Structurally, the common denominators of the basal apparatus are the basal body, a basal foot from which microtubules or microfilaments emanate, and a striated rootlet. A study of the basal apparatus from cells of the epidermis of a sponge larva was initiated to provide a comparison with similar data on adult sponges.Sexually mature colonies of Aplysillasp were collected from Keehi Lagoon Marina, Honolulu, Hawaii. Larvae were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 0.14 M NaCl in 0.2 M Millonig’s phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Specimens were postfixed in 1% OsO4 in 1.25% sodium bicarbonate (pH 7.2) and embedded in epoxy resin. The larva ofAplysilla sp was previously described (as Dendrilla cactus) based on live observations and SEM by Woollacott and Hadfield.

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