Ultrastructural evidence for complement and antibody-dependent damage to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni by rat eosinophils in vitro

Parasitology ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane J. McLaren ◽  
F. J. Ramalho-Pinto ◽  
S. R. Smithers
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Surface Damage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Receptor Interaction ◽  
Focal Lesions ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
Ultrastructural Evidence ◽  
Basal Plasma ◽  
Normal Rat

SummaryRat peritoneal eosinophils adhere to live Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula in vitro in the presence of fresh normal rat serum, or in heat-inactivated serum from rats immune to the parasite. When the eosinophils are present in sufficient numbers the worms show ultrastructural evidence of surface damage and are ultimately killed. It is believed that the appearance of focal lesions in the tegument of the schistosomulum follows the secretion of enzymes by the eosinophils onto the parasite surface. The cells have been observed within these lesions and later between the basal plasma membrane of the tegument and the underlying interstitial material. It is suggested that the cells are responsible for prising the tegument away from the body of the worm. The detached tegument shows evidence of further degradation. Adherent eosinophils which have released their secretions appear to degenerate and are eventually replaced by macrophages. Remnants of both the expended eosinophils and the disrupted tegument have been identified within the macrophages. Adherence of eosinophils through C3–C3 receptor interaction results in earlier and more severe damage to the schistosomula than when adherence occurs through Fe receptors. Rat eosinophils also adhere to C3-coated, glutaraldehyde-flxed schistosomula and C3-coated Sepharose beads. However, evidence of enzyme secretion is only obtained when the target is a schistosomulum.

scholarly journals Complement-mediated killing of schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni by rat eosinophils in vitro.

1978 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
F J Ramalho-Pinto ◽  
D J McLaren ◽  
S R Smithers
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Complement Activation ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
Target Surface ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
Killer Activity ◽  
Normal Rat ◽  
Chemotactic Factors ◽  
C3 Receptors

Eosinophils from the peritoneal cavity of normal rats, in the presence of fresh normal rat serum (NRS), adhered to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro and killed the majority of parasites within 18 h. The reaction differed from the previously described antibody-mediated eosinophil adherence to schistosomula which occurs in heat-inactivated immune rat serum (IRS) and where adherence is mediated through Fc receptors. Adherence of eosinophils in fresh NRS was shown to be due to the activation of complement at the schistosomular surface by the alternative pathway, and it was effected through C3 receptors. The ability of eosinophils to kill in Fc-mediated adherence. This enhancement of killer activity may be due to the generation by complement activation of eosinophil chemotactic factors which increase the concentration of cells at the target surface. It is suggested that eosinophil adherence mediated through complement activation could be the principla mechanism of destroying schistosomula in the host.

Schistosoma mansoni: a comparative study of artificially transformed schistosomula and schistomula recoverd after cercarial penetration of isolated skin

Parasitology ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda H. Brink ◽  
Diane J. McLaren ◽  
S. R. Smithers
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Antigenic Determinants ◽  
Agglutination Reaction ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
Mechanical Separation ◽  
B Blood Group

A comparison was made of the ultrastructure, development and antigenic nature of the surfaces and of the viability of three types of schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni: schistosomula formed afrer cercariae had penetrated isolated skin (SS), schistosomula produced after mechanical separation of cercarial tails from bodies (MS), and schistosomula transformed from cercariae after incubation in fresh rat serum (RS).Within 2 h of transformation, the surface membrane of all three types of schistosomula had changed from trilaminate to heptalaminate structures and SS and MS had lost their cercarial glycocalyx. Initially a dense amorphous material was demonstrated on the surfaces of RS, which was thought to be the result of an interaction between a factor in rat serum and the glycocalyx: this material was greatly reduced within 2 h of transformation. The pre-acetabular glands of SS were emptied while those of MS and RS retained their contents. Immunofluorescent studies showed that all schistosomula bound serum from mice immune to S. mansoni, but the binding was stronger with MS and RS. The mixed agglutination reaction demonstrated the presence of human A and B blood group-like antigenic determinants on approximately 30% of 3 h old SS; these determinants were not detected on MS or RS. In vitro, the development of MS and RS was similar to SS; the first schistosomula reached the ‘gut-closed’ stage by day 10; 50–70% of SS reached this stage by day 12, in contrast to only 25–50% of MS and RS. Between 28 and 45% of all schistosomula developed to maturity when injected intravenously into mice.It was concluded that the two types of artificially prepared schistosomula fultil the main criteria of transformation from cercaria to schistosomulum. Further, it is suggested that MS are the most appropriate source of material for immunochemical and physiological studies.

HORMONES AND PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS IN ISOLATED RAT DIAPHRAGM

1959 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. MANCHESTER ◽  
F. G. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Rat Diaphragm ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
Significant Stimulation ◽  
Normal Rat

SUMMARY 1. With rat diaphragm in vitro, addition of insulin to the medium so as to give a concentration as low as 0·05 mu./ml. of the hormone, stimulated the incorporation of [14C]glycine into protein of tissue. Simultaneous addition of glucose to the medium did not affect either the minimal amount of insulin required to produce a significant stimulation of incorporation of glycine, or the magnitude of the effect of the small concentration of insulin used. 2. Addition of a mixture of oxidized A and B chains of the insulin molecule did not affect incorporation of a mixture of labelled amino acids into the protein of isolated diaphragm, but a degraded insulin (DHA-insulin), which has about 15% of the activity of insulin in stimulating glucose uptake by diaphragm, was found to stimulate incorporation of [14C]glycine to an extent comparable with its effect in stimulating glucose-uptake. 3. Addition of rat serum, or the dipping of diaphragm in a medium containing insulin, stimulated incorporation of [14C]glycine into protein of diaphragm. Both these effects and the stimulation produced by insulin in vitro were abolished when the medium contained an antiserum to insulin. 4. Addition in vitro of growth hormone (GH) stimulated incorporation of [14C]glycine into protein of diaphragm from the hypophysectomized rat but had no effect on diaphragm from the normal rat, whether or not a small dose of insulin was also added in vitro. The action of GH in promoting incorporation of [14C]glycine into protein of diaphragm from the hypophysectomized rat was not neutralized by insulin antiserum. 5. Corticotrophin, cortisol, thyroxine, vitamin B12, vitamin D2 and linoleic acid all had no observable effect on incorporation of labelled amino acids into diaphragm. Glucagon stimulated incorporation, but the stimulation was abolished by the in vitro addition of antiserum to insulin and was probably attributable to the presence of a trace of insulin in the glucagon. 6. Anaerobiosis, and the addition of various metabolic inhibitors, were found to suppress incorporation of [14C]glycine into diaphragm protein almost entirely.

scholarly journals Effects of Cobalt on the Renal Erythropoietic Factor and Kidney Hydrolase Activity in the Rat

Blood ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 893-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Smith ◽  
James W. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Mitochondrial Fraction ◽  
Hydrolase Activity ◽  
Marker Enzyme ◽  
Factor Activity ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
Mitochondrial Fractions ◽  
Normal Rat ◽  
Mitochondrial Extract

Abstract In an experiment to determine the effects of cobalt on the renal erythropoietic factor and kidney hydrolase activity in the rat we obtained the following results: Cobalt produced significant increases in renal erythropoietic factor activity and plasma levels of erythropoietin which reached peak activity 12 hr after treatment. It also produced an increase in the activity of renal hydrolases, cathepsins A and B, which paralleled the increase in renal erythropoietic factor activity. Enzyme inhibitors which are specific for proteases, esterases, and metalloenzymes inhibited the activity of the renal erythropoietic factor in vitro. Polycythemic mice exposed to 7- and 8-day posthypoxic intervals still retained their ability to respond to in vitro generated erythropoietin when compared to mice treated on the fourth posthypoxic day. The erythropoietic activity generated by the light mitochondrial extract—normal rat serum (LME-NRS) reaction mixture was blocked by the antibody to erythropoietin. The relative concentrations of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum (microsomes) and vesicles (lysosomes) were approximately the same in the light mitochondrial fractions of kidneys from normal and cobalt-treated rats. Marker enzyme studies revealed primarily alkaline phosphatase activity in the light mitochondrial fraction. These studies correlate with electron micrographs of the LME which indicate a fraction composed mainly of microsomes. In addition, these data suggest a possible relationship between renal lysosomal hydrolase activity and the renal erythropoietic factor (Erythrogenin).

THE ACTION OF THE GONADOTROPHINS ON THE RAT PROSTATE IN TISSUE CULTURE

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (IV) ◽  
pp. 545-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stig Bengmark ◽  
Barbro Ingemanson ◽  
Bengt Källén
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Normal Rat ◽  
Rat Prostate ◽  
Rates Of Growth

ABSTRACT The growth rate of rat prostatic tissue in vitro has been studied. It is significantly lower in cultures made with serum taken from castrated male and female rats during the first two weeks after castration as compared with the rate in cultures made from normal rat serum. This effect can be compensated for by substitution with testosterone propionate to the male serum donors. Addition of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to the culture medium causes a significant reduction of the growth rate. Effective concentrations are 0.01 to 0.1 μg/ml. This effect disappears after inactivation of the FSH solution at 70° for one hour. Higher concentrations of FSH do not produce such an arrest. It is suggested that the growth retarding effect of serum or plasma from castrated animals is due to the increased content of FSH. It is further suggested that this method might be of interest for the quantitative study of circulating gonadotrophins. An example is given in which the rates of growth in plasma from cockerels bled at different seasons of the year are compared.

Activated macrophages in highly irradiated cercariae-induced immunity toSchistosoma japonicumin rats

Parasitology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
C. Xu ◽  
S. Xu
Keyword(s):  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Sheep Erythrocyte ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophages ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
Sheep Erythrocytes ◽  
Proteose Peptone ◽  
Normal Rat ◽  
Induced Immunity

SUMMARYThe results of studies on the schistosomulicidal activity of activated peritoneal and alveolar macrophages (pMø and aMø) from rats immunized with highly irradiated (50 krad.)Schistosoma japonicumcercariae are reported. The authors have examined the activation of these macrophages in terms of spreading, adhesion and ingestion of sheep erythrocytes and pinocytosis of horse-radish peroxidase. Using three criteria, peritoneal macrophages and alveolar macrophages from immunized rats and from rats intraperitoneally injected with BCG were significantly more active than those from normal rats or rats stimulated with 10% proteose-peptone or 1% sodium thioglycolate. A significantly higher percentage of adhesion and ingestion was obtained with the sheep erythrocytes that were co-opsonized by heat-inactivated rat anti-sheep erythrocyte serum and fresh normal rat serum. Schistosomulicidal effects were observed with macrophages from irradiated cercariae-immunized rats in two activation systems:in vitroactivation in the presence of macrophage-activating factor (MAF), andin vivoactivation by the intraperitoneal challenge with sonicated cercarial antigens.

scholarly journals Effect of Rat Medicated Serum Containing You Gui Wan on Mouse OocyteIn VitroMaturation and Subsequent Fertilization Competence

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Hui Jiang ◽  
Yan-li Deng ◽  
Hua Lu ◽  
Heng Duan ◽  
Xia Zhen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Oocyte Maturation ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Mouse Oocyte ◽  
Herbal Formula ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
Normal Rat

You Gui Wan (YGW) is a classic herbal formula in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used for the clinical treatment of infertility. This study was to explore whether YGW has an impact on mouse oocyte maturationin vitroand subsequent fertilization competence. Rat medicated serum containing YGW was prepared by orally administrating YGW. Mouse immature oocytes were cultured with YGW medicated serum and compared to those cultured with or without normal rat serum or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). YGW medicated serum significantly increased the percentages of matured oocytes when compared to the groups with or without normal rat serum (P< 0.01). Furthermore, YGW medicated serum increased the rate ofin vitrofertilization (IVF) when compared to the groups treated with FSH and with or without normal rat serum (P< 0.001). YGW medicated serum also had significant effects on the mRNA expressions of PKA, CREB, MAPK, PKC, PKG, and MPF and the concentrations of cAMP, cGMP, and NO in matured oocytes. These results indicate that YGW can promote mouse oocyte maturation and IVFin vitro. Signaling pathways, such as the cAMP/PKA/MAPK, the PKC-MAPK, and the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway, which are similar to those induced by FSH, may be responsible for this action.

scholarly journals O17: HYALURONIC ACID DEPENDENT ADHESION IN COLORECTAL CANCER PERITONEAL METASTASIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
F Soliman ◽  
L Ye ◽  
W Jiang ◽  
R Hargest
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Adhesion Molecules ◽  
Peritoneal Metastasis ◽  
Cellular Adhesion ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Receptor Interaction

Abstract Introduction Peritoneal Metastasis (PM) in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) undoubtedly remains a challenge to treat and often portends a poor prognosis for patients. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is found throughout the body, including coating of the peritoneum. Interaction of HA with HA-dependent adhesion molecules can facilitate cell adhesion within the peritoneum. HA may play a role in spread of PM in CRC in association with known HA-receptor molecules CD44, RHAMM and ICAM-1. Method Expression of HA-dependent and HA-independent adhesion molecules were examined in CRC using tissue microarray datasets and matched to clinicopathological data. In-vitro peritoneal modelling assessed cellular adhesion when treated with a competitive HA-inhibitor (HAi) or excess exogenous HA. An in-vivo Xenograft peritoneal model, using CD1 nude mice injected with CRC cells, were treated with either HAi or excess exogenous HA and compared to a control (PPL: PE9445FC2). Result There is a significant increase in expression of HA-dependent adhesion molecules seen in CD44, RHAMM and ICAM-1 in CRC (p=&lt;0.0001). Whilst Non-HA-dependent adhesion molecules demonstrated either significant downregulation or no expression difference. Cellular adhesion was decreased in three CRC cell lines when treated with HAi or excess HA. Treatment with HAi and HA in-vivo confirmed a significant reduction in PM, compared to controls (HAi p=0.0094, HA p=0.0009). Conclusion HA-dependent adhesion molecules and HA appear to play a role in CRC. Targeting HA-dependent interaction in CRC influences cellular adhesion and may have a potential therapeutic use in treatment of PM in CRC. Further in-vitro and in vivo modelling is needed. Take-home message HA receptor adhesion molecules CD44, RHAMM and ICAM-1 have all been independently implicated in adverse outcomes in colorectal cancer. Targeting HA receptor interaction appears to reduce peritoneal dissemination in colorectal cancer.

scholarly journals THE FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF THE FIBROBLAST AND THE MACROPHAGE

1928 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Carrel ◽  
Albert H. Ebeling
Keyword(s):  
Residual Activity ◽  
Rat Plasma ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
Golden Yellow ◽  
Unlimited Growth ◽  
Growth Activity ◽  
Cytological Characteristics

1. A pure strain of fibroblasts has been isolated from the Jensen rat sarcoma. The cells give rise to tumors on transplantation into animals and during several months of life in vitro have maintained their malignancy unchanged. 2. The malignant cells are generally coarser and more refringent than normal cells. They possess the cytological characteristics of fibroblasts without showing any morphological abnormality. They can be considered as healthy cells. The texture of their colonies is looser than that of normal fibroblasts and Sarcoma No. 10 fibroblasts. Their residual activity does not differ markedly from the normal. They proliferate unlimitedly in a nutrient medium. 3. They liquefy the fibrin of rat plasma and turn phenol red golden yellow. They do not liquefy the fibrin of chicken plasma. 4. They multiply in chick embryo juice, calf liver digest, and also in rat serum. Their growth activity is increased by the presence of bone marrow. 5. The unlimited growth of Jensen sarcoma within the body may possibly be attributed to the ability of the fibroblasts to maintain themselves upon the substances present in rat serum. This property itself probably depends upon the increased enzyme activity of the cells.

Schistosoma mansoni: the occurrence of microvilli on the surface of the tegument during transformation from cercaria to schistosomulum

Parasitology ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane J. McLaren ◽  
D. J. Hockley
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Mouse Skin ◽  
The Body ◽  
Skin Preparation ◽  
Mechanical Separation

Microvilli are developed on the surface of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula during penetration of the host skin; they form rapidly but are lost approximately 90 min after penetration. Identical microvilli are also formed on schistosomula which have penetrated a mouse skin preparation in vitro, and on schistosomula prepared by mechanical separation of the tail from the body of the cercaria. The microvilli, which are limited by the trilaminate tegumental membrane of the cercaria, eventually degenerate and are cast off from the surface of the tegument. There is little change in the surface area of the schistosomulum at this time, and the formation and loss of microvilli coincides with the replacement of the cercarial tegumental membrane by the new heptalaminate membrane. It is suggested that during the cercaria/schistosomulum transformation, some intramembraneous components of the original cercarial membrane may migrate into the new heptalaminate membrane and thus be retained, while other peripheral components such as the glycocalyx are almost certainly lost.

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