Immunochemical studies on pathotypes of the potato cyst nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida

Parasitology ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Fox ◽  
H. J. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Nematode Species ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Crossed Immunoelectrophoresis ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Micro Organisms

The potential of antigenic differences for discriminating pathotypes of the potato cyst nematodes Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis has been examined by the use of an antiserum raised to a homogenate of potato cyst nematode larvae. Species-specific antigens were detected among reference pathotypes but more variability was detected among field populations, and cluster analysis was used to interpret the precipitation are pattern produced by Laurell crossed-immunoelectrophoresis. A division into species was seen with this analysis but no definite pathotype groupings were detected. Cross-reaction with other cyst-nematode species was limited to general non-specific precipitation. The antigens were all proteinaceous, did not arise from micro-organisms within the cyst and were mainly hydrophilic with an acidic isoelectric point. Peptidase and acid phosphatase activity was detected in some precipitation arcs but this was not species specific.

The effect of mycorrhization of potato roots on the hatching chemicals active towards the potato cyst nematodes, Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis

Nematology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aileen Ryan ◽  
Peter Jones
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Potato Root ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractComparison of potato root leachates (PRL) collected from the roots of mycorrhizal (using the mixed-isolate inoculum, Vaminoc) and non-mycorrhizal potato cv. Golden Wonder confirmed that mycorrhization caused a significant increase in hatching activity towards Globodera pallida but not G. rostochiensis. After fractionating the leachates by low pressure molecular exclusion/anion exchange liquid chromatography, several potato cyst nematode (PCN) species-specific hatching factors (HF) were found only in PRL from mycorrhizal plants. Leachate from mycorrhizal plants also contained more of several of those HF common to PRL from both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Significantly more hatching factor stimulants (HS) active towards both PCN species were found in the PRL from mycorrhizal than from non-mycorrhizal plants; several HS were specific to mycorrhizal plants. No differences (quantitative or qualitative) were observed in hatching inhibitor (HI) levels between PRL from mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhization of potato plants resulted in a 20% increase in carbon but a 48% decrease in nitrogen concentrations of the PRL compared to that from the non-mycorrhizal plants.

scholarly journals Integrative Morphometric and Molecular Approach to Update the Impact and Distribution of Potato Cyst Nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) in Algeria

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 216
Author(s):  
Aouicha Djebroune ◽  
Gahdab Chakali ◽  
Eugénia de Andrade ◽  
Maria João Camacho ◽  
Leidy Rusinque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nematode Species ◽  
Globodera Rostochiensis ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Impact

Morphological and molecular studies were conducted to characterize the specific identity of 36 isolates of potato cyst nematodes (PCNs) recovered from soil samples collected in several potato producing areas of Algeria. Morphometric data revealed that 44% of isolates contained Globodera pallida alone, 28% contained Globodera rostochiensis alone and 28% mixtures of the two species. Morphometric values of cysts and second-stage juveniles were generally distributed with slight differences in the expected ranges for both Globodera species. Inter- and intraspecific morphometric variability in nematode isolates was noted. Molecular analysis using conventional multiplex PCR with species-specific primers and TaqMan real-time PCR confirmed the morphological identification. In addition, the distribution of both potato cyst nematode species throughout various parts of the country was investigated. In the central areas, the isolates of G. pallida alone dominate, whereas isolates of G. rostochiensis alone are more frequent in the southern areas. In the eastern regions, mixed isolates are more representative. Most isolates examined in the western areas are mixtures of the two species or G. rostochiensis alone. Comparatively, G. pallida remains the most widely distributed species in its geographic range. This study confirms the presence of two PCN species, G. pallida and G. rostochiensis, in Algeria and provides additional information on their biogeographic distribution.

scholarly journals Occurrence and molecular characterization of cyst nematode species (Globodera spp.) associated with potato crops in Colombia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0241256
Author(s):  
Daniela Vallejo ◽  
Diego A. Rojas ◽  
John A. Martinez ◽  
Sergio Marchant ◽  
Claudia M. Holguin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematodes ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
The Status

Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) from the genus Globodera spp. cause major losses in the potato (Solanum tuberosum) industry worldwide. Despite their importance, at present little is known about the status of this plant pathogen in cultivated potatoes in Colombia. In this study, a total of 589 samples collected from 75 geographic localities in nine potato producing regions of Colombia (Cundinamarca, Boyacá, Antioquia, Nariño, Santander, Norte de Santander, Tolima, Caldas and Cauca) were assayed for the presence of potato cyst nematodes. Fifty-seven percent of samples tested positive for PCN. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) of the rRNA gene and D2-D3 expansion segments of the 28S rRNA gene, all populations but one were identified as Globodera pallida. Sequences of G. pallida from Colombia formed a monophyletic group closely related to Peruvian populations, with the lowest average number of nucleotide substitutions per site (Dxy = 0.002) and net nucleotide substitutions per site (Da = 0.001), when compared to G. pallida populations from Europe, South and North America. A single sample formed a well-supported subclade along with G. rostochiensis and G. tabacum from Japan, USA and Argentina. To our knowledge this is the first comprehensive survey of Globodera populations from Colombia that includes genetic data. Our findings on species diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Globodera populations from Colombia may help elucidate the status and distribution of Globodera species, and lead to the development of accurate management strategies for the potato cyst nematodes.

scholarly journals Morphological and molecular identification of the potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida in Portuguese potato fields

Nematology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 883-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria J. Camacho ◽  
Filomena Nóbrega ◽  
Arlindo Lima ◽  
Manuel Mota ◽  
Maria L. Inácio
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Globodera Rostochiensis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Species Specific

The potato cyst nematodes (PCN) Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida pose one of the greatest threats to potato crops worldwide and are subject to strict quarantine regulations in many countries. The identification of these Globodera species based on morphology may be ambiguous due to the variability of the main morphological features and the overlapping of the standard parameters in these two species; thus, confirmation via molecular methods is recommended. Multiplex PCR with species-specific primers (ITS5/PITSp4 + PITSr3) allows both species to be distinguished. However, despite the development of molecular identification methods, the morphological approach remains useful as a complementary diagnostic technique. In this work, we report results of morphological and molecular analyses that were carried out in two Globodera species from Portuguese potato fields. The average morphometric values of 40 cysts and 40 second-stage juveniles were generally within the expected ranges for G. pallida and G. rostochiensis with some variations noted. Molecular analysis with multiplex PCR confirmed the morphometric identification. The present results confirmed the occurrence of two potato cyst nematode species, G. rostochiensis and G. pallida. Surprisingly, the analysis of soils from Portuguese potato fields detected a greater number of samples infested with G. pallida, which is contrary to expectation as G. rostochiensis has been considered the most widespread species in Portugal. The distinction between the two species is therefore essential in order to detect their presence in the country with a view to re-evaluating the control measures implemented so far and adopting more effective practices.

scholarly journals Comparative genomics among three cyst nematode species reveals distinct evolutionary histories among effector families and an irregular distribution of effector-associated promoter motifs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joris J.M. van Steenbrugge ◽  
Sven van den Elsen ◽  
Martijn Holterman ◽  
Jose L. Lozano-Torres ◽  
Vera Putker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Reference Genome ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Long Read ◽  
Additional Reference

Potato cyst nematodes (PCNs), an umbrella term used for two species, Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis, belong worldwide to the most harmful pathogens of potato. Pathotype-specific host plant resistances are an essential handle for PCN control. However, the poor delineation of G. pallida pathotypes hampers the efficient use of available host plant resistances. Long-read sequencing technology allowed us to generate a new reference genome of G. pallida population D383 and, as compared to the current reference, the new genome assembly is 42 times less fragmented. For comparison of diversification patterns of six effector families between G. pallida and G. rostochiensis, an additional reference genome was generated for an outgroup, the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii (IRS population). Large evolutionary contrasts in effector family topologies were observed. While VAPs diversified before the split between the three cyst nematode species, the families GLAND5 and GLAND13 only expanded in PCN after their separation from the genus Heterodera. Although DNA motifs in the promoter regions thought to be involved in the orchestration of effector expression (DOG boxes) were present in all three cyst nematode species, their presence is not a necessity for dorsal gland-produced effectors. Notably, DOG box dosage was only loosely correlated with expression level of individual effector variants. Comparison of the G. pallida genome with those of two other cyst nematodes underlined the fundamental differences in evolutionary history between effector families. Re-sequencing of PCN populations with deviant virulence characteristics will allow for the linking of these characteristics with the composition of the effector repertoire as well as for the mapping of PCN diversification patterns resulting from extreme anthropogenic range expansion.

Effect of tuber-borne micro-organisms on hatching activity of potato root leachate towards potato cyst nematodes

Nematology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Aileen Ryan ◽  
Peter Jones
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Globodera Rostochiensis ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Potato Root ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Micro Organisms

AbstractPotato cyst nematodes hatch in response to hatching factors (HF) present in potato root leachate (PRL). The much higher spontaneous hatch (hatch in the absence of potato plants or PRL) of both Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida in sand (32.2 and 21.1%, respectively) compared to in vitro (6.0 and 4.8%) experiments suggested the presence of other hatching factor-producing organisms in the non-sterile sand. When sterile PRL (from aseptically cultured microplants) and non-sterile PRL (from aseptically cultured microplants grown in the presence of tuber washings) samples were collected and assayed for hatching activity, the in vitro hatch of both PCN species but particularly of G. pallida was greater in non-sterile PRL. When these samples were fractionated on Sephadex G-10 by low pressure liquid chromatography and the fractions tested for hatching activity, the non-sterile PRL produced more hatching factors (HF) than the sterile PRL; in the fractionated sterile PRL only one significant HF (active towards G. pallida) was observed, compared to six (towards G. pallida) and three (towards G. rostochiensis) HF from the non-sterile PRL, with two HF being active towards both species. The non-sterile PRL appeared to produce more hatching factor stimulants (HS) and fewer hatch inhibitors (HI) than the sterile PRL. These results suggest that soil micro-organisms play an important role in the production of hatching chemicals and it is proposed that the differences in HF profiles between sterile and non-sterile PRL were due, at least in part, to increased HS production in the non-sterile PRL.

scholarly journals Resistance of Potato Breeding Clones and Cultivars to Three Species of Potato Cyst Nematode

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (11) ◽  
pp. 2120-2128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan L. Whitworth ◽  
Richard G. Novy ◽  
Inga A. Zasada ◽  
Xiaohong Wang ◽  
Louise-Marie Dandurand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Potato Breeding ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Market Class ◽  
Potato Resistance

In the United States, potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida are quarantined pests. A new cyst nematode species, Globodera ellingtonae, discovered in Oregon and Idaho, reproduces well on potato but is not currently a quarantine pest. Identifying resistance to all three Globodera spp. would provide a valuable management tool. Thirteen breeding clones and nine cultivars were evaluated in Oregon, Idaho, and New York laboratories where the nematode populations are maintained. Minitubers or tissue culture plants were planted into pots and inoculated with eggs in replicated experiments. Results indicated that five entries were partially resistant or resistant to all three species, while another five were resistant or partially resistant to G. rostochiensis and G. ellingtonae. Resistance to G. rostochiensis pathotypes Ro1 and Ro4 is controlled by the H1 gene and this study suggests that H1 may confer resistance to G. ellingtonae as well. Observed resistance to G. pallida was lower relative to the levels of resistance observed for G. rostochiensis and G. ellingtonae. Germplasm with G. pallida or G. ellingtonae resistance will be used in hybridizations to develop russet-skinned cultivars with long tubers which represent the predominant market class in western U.S. production, and to further explore the basis of potato resistance to Globodera spp.

An evaluation of the implications of virulence in non-European populations of Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis for potato cultivation in Europe

Nematology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Hockland ◽  
Björn Niere ◽  
Eric Grenier ◽  
Vivian Blok ◽  
Mark Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
South America ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Plant Health ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Council Directive

The potato cyst nematodes Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis are listed in the EU Plant Health Directive 2000/29/EC and are also subject to the new EU Council Directive 2007/33/EC on the control of potato cyst nematodes, requiring unilateral suppression of these pests in Europe. At the same time there is also pressure to increase world trade in potatoes. Such pressure has to be balanced by the risks involved in the associated spread of these pests and subsequent problems in management. Populations of the potato cyst nematodes from outside Europe, in particular South America, which is considered the origin of G. pallida and G. rostochiensis, pose a risk to those European countries where limited genetic variability of these nematode species has been recorded. The development and usage of resistant cultivars under such conditions has formed a pivotal role in integrated management programmes in Europe. Molecular studies have shown that populations of G. pallida and G. rostochiensis from South America have a different genetic composition from those in Europe. The introduction of such populations would pose a threat to the use of resistant cultivars as a major tool in reducing the potential spread and damage caused by these species. At present, an inability to link precisely genetic variability to the virulence characteristics of a specific nematode population, and quickly identify the virulence status of intercepted populations for inspection purposes, strengthens the case for using plant health legislation to prevent their introduction.

Effect of steroidal glycoalkaloids on hatch and reproduction of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syamkumar Sivasankara Pillai ◽  
Louise-Marie Dandurand
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Defense ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Russet Burbank ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
First Line ◽  
Trap Crop ◽  
Solanum Sisymbriifolium

Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are phytoanticipins found in solanaceous crops that act as the first line of chemical defense against pathogen attacks. Solanum sisymbriifolium, a trap crop for potato cyst nematodes, has been shown to effectively reduce populations of Globodera pallida. Solanum sisymbriifolium contains α- solamargine and other solasodine type glycoalkaloids that may contribute to plant defenses. The current study evaluated the influence of solanaceous SGAs on G. pallida hatch, development, and reproduction. Exposure to α- solamargine and α- solamarine reduced G. pallida hatch by 65 % and 87 % respectively. Exposure of G. pallida cysts with the glycoalkaloids α- solamargine and solasodine significantly reduced infection in susceptible potato Russet Burbank by 98 and 94 % compared to the control. Exposure of cysts to either solasodine or solamargine significantly reduced reproduction of G. pallida on Russet Burbank by 99 % compared to the control. The study demonstrated the deleterious effect of SGAs on G. pallida hatch, infection, and reproduction.

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