Water contact observations in Kenyan communities endemic for schistosomiasis: methodology and patterns of behaviour

Parasitology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. C. Fulford ◽  
J. H. Ouma ◽  
H. C. Kariuki ◽  
F. W. Thiongo ◽  
R. Klumpp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Data Handling ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Inflated Estimate ◽  
Age And Sex

SUMMARYA descriptive analysis of observed water contact activities in seven Kenyan (Akamba) communities is presented. The patterns of contact with time of day, month of year, type of activity, degree of immersion, use of soap, use of ‘kithima’ and day of week are all considered, with particular attention given to how these vary with age and sex. It is noted that (a) patterns of contact vary dramatically between these culturally rather similar communities, (b) contact usually peaks in the second decade of life, (c) generally females, especially young women, spend more time at the water than males and (d) simple (unweighted) total observed duration of contact gives a relatively inflated estimate of exposure in adults, especially young women. The methodology of observation and data handling is described in some detail.

Heterogeneities in water contact patterns and the epidemiology of schistosoma haematobium

Parasitology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Chandiwana ◽  
M. E. J. Woolhouse
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Day ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Contact Rates ◽  
Contact Patterns ◽  
Contact Behaviour ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Individual Contact ◽  
Age And Sex

Variations in the amount of water contact made by individuals and in the amount of water contact made at different sites may have significant impacts on patterns of human schistosome infection. Previous studies have reported variations in the rate of water contact and differences in the sites used between age/sex classes, but there is limited information on variations in individual water contact behaviour. In this paper we report and analyse observations of essentially all water contacts made over a two week period by all individuals in a rural community in eastern Zimbabwe. The mean rate of water contact was 0.43 contacts/person/day. These data were over-dispersed, ranging from zero to 3.3 contacts/person/day; 90% of contacts were made by only 37% of the population. Contact rates were related to age (highest in 8 to 10-year-olds) but not sex, with substantial variation unaccounted for by these variables. Age and sex classes differed in types of water-related activities and the time of day of contact. A greater diversity of sites was used by children than by adults and by males than by females. Individual contact rates were correlated with intensities of infection, although the risk of infection per contact was estimated to be highest in 2 to 4-year-old children and higher for males than females. Five contact sites were used during the study period, with more than 50% of contacts occurring at just 2 sites. Different age and sex classes used different sites and there were additional site-related differences in types of activity and the time of day of use. The implications of these water contact patterns for schistosome epidemiology are discussed. In particular the results provide strong quantitative support for control programmes aimed at heavily used sites (e.g. focal mollusciciding) or at the minority of individuals making most water contacts (e.g. targeted chemotherapy).

BIOASSAY CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL URINARY GONADOTROPHIN EXTRACTS

1963 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-224
Author(s):  
Raymond C. Mellinger ◽  
Jalileh A. Mansour ◽  
Richmond W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Reference Material ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
General Acceptance ◽  
Modifying Factors ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The World ◽  
Quantitative Bioassay ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Age And Sex

ABSTRACT A reference standard is widely sought for use in the quantitative bioassay of pituitary gonadotrophin recovered from urine. The biologic similarity of pooled urinary extracts obtained from large numbers of subjects, utilizing groups of different age and sex, preparing and assaying the materials by varying techniques in different parts of the world, has lead to a general acceptance of such preparations as international gonadotrophin reference standards. In the present study, however, the extract of pooled urine from a small number of young women is shown to produce a significantly different bioassay response from that of the reference materials. Gonadotrophins of individual subjects likewise varied from the multiple subject standards in many instances. The cause of these differences is thought to be due to the modifying influence of non-hormonal substances extracted from urine with the gonadotrophin and not necessarily to variations in the gonadotrophins themselves. Such modifying factors might have similar effects in a comparative assay of pooled extracts contributed by many subjects, but produce significant variations when material from individual subjects is compared. It is concluded that the expression of potency of a gonadotrophic extract in terms of pooled reference material to which it is not essentially similar may diminish rather than enhance the validity of the assay.

scholarly journals Uptake Pattern of HIV Counseling and Testing Services: A 4-Year Review in Plateau State, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-187
Author(s):  
F A Magaji ◽  
A N Ocheke ◽  
V C Pam ◽  
T Afolaramin ◽  
J Musa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Information Management System ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Hiv Counseling And Testing ◽  
Hiv Counseling ◽  
Counseling And Testing ◽  
Plateau State ◽  
Age And Sex

Plateau state is one of the HIV high-burden states in Nigeria with few people knowing their HIV status as a result of challenges with access to HIV Counseling and Testing (HCT) services. This study was aimed at determining the HCT uptake among the general population as well as the pattern by age and sex in Plateau state. The study was a 4-year descriptive analysis of HCT services in the general population of Plateau state, Nigeria based on data generated between January 2012 and December 2015. The data on HCT services were managed through the electronic Nigerian National HIV/AIDS Response Information Management System (eNNRIMS) which was web-based software. The data was disaggregated by year, age and sex in the software and analysis was done using excel to obtained the proportions and trend of HCT uptake in the general population and by year, age and sex. Out of a total of 495,718 tested for HIV, 400,699 people received their test results giving an 80.8% HCT uptake in Plateau state. The highest (99.7%) HCT uptake was in 2014 and the least (67.7%) was in 2012. The age group 25 – 49 years accounted for nearly two-thirds of HCT uptake. The female population had higher percentages of between 7.2% and 17.6% HCT uptake across the years compared to their male counterparts. The HCT uptake was relatively high, and it was even higher among the female population compared to the HCT uptake among male population in Plateau state Nigeria.

Circadian and Circannual Rhythms in Thyroid Hormones: Determining the TSH and Free T4 Reference Intervals Based Upon Time of Day, Age, and Sex

Thyroid ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 954-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Ehrenkranz ◽  
Phillip R. Bach ◽  
Gregory L. Snow ◽  
Alison Schneider ◽  
Jo Lynn Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Age And Sex

Factors affecting the intensity of reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium following treatment with praziquantel

Parasitology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Chandiwana ◽  
M. E. J. Woolhouse ◽  
M. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Rural Community ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Reinfection Rate ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Index Of Exposure ◽  
Bulinus Globosus ◽  
Independent Effects

SUMMARYInfection with Schistosoma haematobium was studied in a rural community of approximately 500 persons in eastern Zimbabwe. The overall prevalence of infection, as determined by urine egg counts, was 40·1%, and of heavy infections (≥ 50 eggs/10 ml urine) was 11·0%. The prevalence of both heavy and all infections was highest in the 8 to 10-year-old age class. During 1987–88 data were obtained from 102 individuals on intensity of reinfection 14 weeks after treatment with praziquantel, the efficacy of treatment having been determined after 4 weeks. The water contact made by these individuals during 2-week periods immediately following treatment was recorded. The relative abundance of patent infected intermediate host snails, Bulinus globosus, was also monitored. An index of exposure was developed which weighted each water contact by its duration, the type of activity, the time of day, and the abundance of infected snails at the site used. The relationships between rates of reinfection, rates of exposure, and age were examined. Although only 13 individuals showed positive rates of reinfection, there were statistically significant and independent effects of both exposure and age on reinfection rate. Quantitative estimates of reinfection rates suggested that individuals aged 12 years or less acquired substantially more infection (measured as egg output) than individuals more than 12 years old.

scholarly journals #Neverenough: Social Comparison by Young Women on Instagram

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bailey Parnell
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Comparison ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Social Media Use ◽  
The Social ◽  
Future Care ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive

As social media use continues to rise, studies have linked high social media use with rising levels of depression, particularly in young adults. This narrative has pervaded, yet in the research thus far, there is no general consensus as to causation or direction. What remains constant is that when mediators such as 'comparison' and 'envy' are introduced between social media use and depression, there is a negative correlation. In a qualitative study, I examine the connection between social comparison, Instagram use, and envy in young women. I conducted semi-structured interviews with a group of 10 female university students between the ages of 18-24. Interviews were analysed through qualitative descriptive analysis. Overwhelmingly, subjects engaged in frequent social comparison offline, which translated to frequent social comparison, made worse, on Instagram. As a result, participants admitted to feeling envious as well as other feelings like frustration, loneliness, anger, and overwhelm. However, users also reported positive experiences such as inspiration, humour, motivation, and happiness, when they are on Instagram. Offline affect proved to be the biggest moderators and indicators of comparison and the positive or negative experiences of the participants. This research may suggest future care in this area should focus on offline affect rather than the social networks themselves.

MODELING DISPROPORTIONAL EFFECTS OF EDUCATING INFECTED KENYAN YOUTH ON HIV/AIDS

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (02) ◽  
pp. 311-349
Author(s):  
MARILYN RONOH ◽  
FARAIMUNASHE CHIROVE ◽  
JOSEPHINE WAIRIMU ◽  
WANDERA OGANA
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Hiv Aids

We formulate an age and sex-structured deterministic model to assess the effect of increasing comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS disease in the infected Adolescent Girls and Young Women (AGYW) and, Adolescent Boys and Young Men (ABYM) populations in Kenya. Mathematical analysis of infection through sub-network analysis was carried out to trace various infection routes and the veracity of various transmission routes as well as the associated probabilities. Using HIV data in Kenya on our model, disproportional effects were observed when dispensation of comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS was preferred in one population over the other. Effective dispensation of comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS in both the infected AGYW and ABYM populations significantly slows down the infection spread but may not eradicate it.

Abstract P052: Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Declines in the United States From 1980 through 2011: Evidence for Stagnation in Young Adults, Especially Women

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 131 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kobina A Wilmot ◽  
Martin O’Flaherty ◽  
Simon Capewell ◽  
Earl S Ford ◽  
Viola Vaccarino
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Us ◽  
Age And Sex

Background: Cardiovascular mortality rates have fallen dramatically over the past four decades. However, recent unfavorable trends in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors among young adults (obesity, diabetes, and tobacco use) raise concerns about their subsequent impact on CHD mortality. Furthermore, recent data from the US and other countries suggest a worsening of CHD incidence and mortality among young women. We therefore examined recent trends in CHD mortality rates in the US according to age and sex. Methods: We used mortality data between 1980 and 2011 from US adults ≥ 25 years. We calculated age-specific CHD mortality rates and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) for US adults, and compared three decades of data (1980-1989, 1990-1999, and 2000-2011). We also used Joinpoint regression modeling to assess changes in trends over time, based on inflection points of the mortality distribution. Results: Young men and women (aged<55 years) showed a robust decline in CHD mortality from 1980 until 1989 (EAPC -5.5% in men and -4.6% in women). However, the two subsequent decades saw stagnation with minimal improvement (Table). This was particularly true for young women who had no improvements between 1990 and 1999 (EAPC +0.1%), and only -1% EAPC since 2000. In contrast, older adults (65+years) showed steep annual declines since 2000, approximately doubled compared with the previous period (women, -5.0% and men, -4.4%). Jointpoint analyses provided consistent results. Conclusions: The dramatic declines in cardiovascular mortality since 1980 conceals major heterogeneities. CHD death rates in older groups are now falling steeply. However, young men and women have enjoyed small decreases in CHD mortality rates since 1990. The drivers of these major differences in CHD mortality trends by age and sex needs urgent study.

scholarly journals Epidemiological aspects of dengue in Aracaju, State of Sergipe, Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 670-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Antonio Barreto Alves ◽  
Jokasta Rodrigues Santos ◽  
Emanuelle Nabuco de Mendonça ◽  
Ana Cristina Freire Abud ◽  
Mariangela da Silva Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
First Semester ◽  
The Past ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Fast Decline ◽  
The City ◽  
Age And Sex

INTRODUCTION: The dengue fever remains to be a disease of serious public health concern, and its incidence has increased in the past decades. This study aimed to characterize the epidemiological incidence of dengue in the period 2001-2010. METHODS: This is an epidemiological study of dengue in the municipality of Aracaju, state of Sergipe, in the period between 2001 and 2010, whose data were obtained from the Information System of Diseases Notifications. A descriptive analysis of the number of confirmed cases of dengue, according to year, semester, sanitary district, age, and sex, was performed. RESULTS: There were 16,462 confirmed cases, especially in 2008, which obtained the highest incidence of the disease, with 10,485 confirmed cases. The first semester obtained the highest registration of cases during the years of research; this was predominated by females between 15 and 49 years old. With regard to the territorial distribution, the second district of the municipality obtained the highest number of cases. CONCLUSIONS: In 2008, in the City of Aracaju, SE, a significant increase in the proportion of dengue cases compared with other years was verified. However, a fast decline in the other years was observed, possibly because of the intensification of preventive actions to combat the mosquito that transmits the dengue virus.

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