Phylogenetic analysis of Trypanosoma vivax supports the separation of South American/West African from East African isolates and a new T. vivax-like genotype infecting a nyala antelope from Mozambique

Parasitology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 135 (11) ◽  
pp. 1317-1328 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. RODRIGUES ◽  
L. NEVES ◽  
H. A. GARCIA ◽  
L. B. VIOLA ◽  
A. MARCILI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
West African ◽  
South American ◽  
Trypanosoma Vivax ◽  
East African ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
New Genotype ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

SUMMARYIn this study, we addressed the phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships of Trypanosoma vivax and related trypanosomes nested in the subgenus Duttonella through combined morphological and phylogeographical analyses. We previously demonstrated that the clade T. vivax harbours a homogeneous clade comprising West African/South American isolates and the heterogeneous East African isolates. Herein we characterized a trypanosome isolated from a nyala antelope (Tragelaphus angasi) wild-caught in Mozambique (East Africa) and diagnosed as T. vivax-like based on biological, morphological and molecular data. Phylogenetic relationships, phylogeographical patterns and estimates of genetic divergence were based on SSU and ITS rDNA sequences of T. vivax from Brazil and Venezuela (South America), Nigeria (West Africa), and from T. vivax-like trypanosomes from Mozambique, Kenya and Tanzania (East Africa). Despite being well-supported within the T. vivax clade, the nyala trypanosome was highly divergent from all other T. vivax and T. vivax-like trypanosomes, even those from East Africa. Considering its host origin, morphological features, behaviour in experimentally infected goats, phylogenetic placement, and genetic divergence this isolate represents a new genotype of trypanosome closely phylogenetically related to T. vivax. This study corroborated the high complexity and the existence of distinct genotypes yet undescribed within the subgenus Duttonella.

scholarly journals Loose Ends in the Cortinarius Phylogeny: Five New Myxotelamonoid Species Indicate a High Diversity of These Ectomycorrhizal Fungi with South American Nothofagaceae

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 420
Author(s):  
María Eugenia Salgado Salomón ◽  
Carolina Barroetaveña ◽  
Tuula Niskanen ◽  
Kare Liimatainen ◽  
Matthew E. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
South American ◽  
Edible Fungi ◽  
Rdna Its ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
High Diversity

This paper is a contribution to the current knowledge of taxonomy, ecology and distribution of South American Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray. Cortinarius is among the most widely distributed and species-rich basidiomycete genera occurring with South American Nothofagaceae and species are found in many distinct habitats, including shrublands and forests. Due to their ectomycorrhizal role, Cortinarius species are critical for nutrient cycling in forests, especially at higher latitudes. Some species have also been reported as edible fungi with high nutritional quality. Our aim is to unravel the taxonomy of selected Cortinarius belonging to phlegmacioid and myxotelamonioid species based on morphological and molecular data. After widely sampling Cortinarius specimens in Patagonian Nothofagaceae forests and comparing them to reference collections (including holotypes), we propose five new species of Cortinarius in this work. Phylogenetic analyses of concatenated rDNA ITS-LSU and RPB1 sequences failed to place these new species into known Cortinarius sections or lineages. These findings highlight our knowledge gaps regarding the fungal diversity of South American Nothofagaceae forests. Due to the high diversity of endemic Patagonian taxa, it is clear that the South American Cortinarius diversity needs to be discovered and described in order to understand the evolutionary history of Cortinarius on a global scale.

The American Proteaceae

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghillean T. Prance ◽  
Vanessa Plana
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Central American ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
South American ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Eastern Brazil ◽  
The Family ◽  
Single Genus ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

The American Proteaceae are outliers from the main centres of diversity of the family in Australia and South Africa. There are about 83 species in eight genera which all belong to the monophyletic subfamily Grevilleoideae. Three genera, Embothrium, Oreocallis and Lomatia, are placed in the tribe Embothrieae (sensu Johnson and Briggs), four Euplassa, Gevuina, Panopsis and Roupala in the Macadamieae and the single genus Orites in the Oriteae. There are five genera endemic to America and three also have species in Australia and New Guinea (Gevuina, Lomatia and Orites). The Proteaceae appear to have arrived in South America via two routes. The larger genera Euplassa, Panopsis and Roupala, which are all endemic to America and have a general distribution in northern South America and south-eastern Brazil, are derived from Gondwanaland before it separated from South America. The remaining genera are distributed either in temperate South America or in the high Andes and appear to have arrived more recently via the Australia–Antarctica–South American connection. Three of these genera have species in both regions. The centres of species diversity of Euplassa, Panopsis and Roupala fall outside hypothesised forest refugia, indicating that they are not true rainforest species but species of seasonal habitats like those achieved at higher altitudes where they are commonly found. Two genera,Panopsis and Roupala, have reached Central America after the central American land bridge was formed six million years ago. The exact relationship to genera on other continents is still unclear and there is a need for a cladistic biogeographic analysis of the group based on both morphological and molecular data.

A new species of Stenampyx Karsch, 1890 from East Africa (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Pseudophyllinae, Phyllomimini)—evidence of a former connection of West-Central and East African forests

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4763 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-599
Author(s):  
CLAUDIA HEMP
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
East Africa ◽  
West African ◽  
East African ◽  
West Central ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
A New Species

A new Stenampyx, S. viridiflavum n. sp., is described from Tanzania. Stenampyx was monotypic and known from Central to West African forests. As with the genus Pseudotomias Hemp, the newly described species in Stenampyx shows a close relationship to the Central and East African forest fauna. 

Arcanumophis, a new genus and generic allocation for Erythrolamprus problematicus (Myers 1986), Xenodontinae (Colubridae) from the Cordillera de Carabaya, southern Peru

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4671 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHER R. SMAGA ◽  
ALEX TTITO ◽  
ALESSANDRO CATENAZZI
Keyword(s):  
New Genus ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Sister Taxon ◽  
South American ◽  
Single Specimen ◽  
Snake Species ◽  
Southern Peru ◽  
The Status ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

The systematics of South American Xenodontinae snakes has experienced large changes and improvements as a result of recent studies employing molecular data. Herein we assess the status of the rare Peruvian snake species, Erythrolamprus problematicus (Dipsadidae, Xenodontinae, Xenodontini), previously known from a single specimen collected in 1950. Based on new morphological and molecular data from a second specimen that we collected, we confirmed the presence of a crease in the rostral scale, mentioned in the original description (a unique trait among the Xenodontini), and recovered E. problematicus as the sister-taxon of all other Xenodontini, instead of nested among the current Erythrolamprus. Therefore, our phylogenetic results justify the erection of a new genus to accommodate the species. 

Comparative studies ofTrypanosoma (Duttonella) vivaxisolates from Colombia

Parasitology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Dirie ◽  
M. J. Otte ◽  
R. Thatthi ◽  
P. R Gardiner
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
West African ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
South American ◽  
Trypanosoma Vivax ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Typical Sign

SUMMARYThe characterization of fourTrypanosoma vivaxisolates from Colombia in South America showed that although minor phenotypic differences existed between them, these parasites are antigenically related and belong to a single serodeme. Characterization by isoenzyme assay, karyotyping and DNA probe analysis, showed the Colombian isolates to be more similar to the West African than to KenyanT. vivax. There was, however, little serological cross-reactivity between South American and African groups ofT. vivax. Although theT. vivaxisolates from Colombia were pathogenic for dairy calves which showed the typical sign of progressive emaciation, these parasites failed to infect mice or tsetseand could not be cultivated as bloodstream formsin vitro.This study represents initial attempts to establish the phenotypic and serological diversity amongstT. vivaxisolates from South America.

Morphological and molecular data support the monophyletic nature of the genus Pratylenchoides Winslow, 1958 (Nematoda: Merliniidae) and reveal its intrageneric structuring

Nematology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1165-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kourosh Azizi ◽  
Ali Eskandari ◽  
Akbar Karegar ◽  
Reza Ghaderi ◽  
Sven van den Elsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Data ◽  
Lsu Rdna ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
The Family ◽  
Lateral Lines ◽  
Male Head ◽  
Single Transition ◽  
Pharyngeal Gland ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
The Relationship

The genus Pratylenchoides has recently been transferred from the family Pratylenchidae to Merliniidae. To investigate further the relationship between these ‘Pratylenchus-like’ species (residing in the subfamily Pratylenchoidinae) and the subfamily Merliniinae, more than 500 soil samples were collected from various natural and agronomic habitats in the northern and north-western provinces of Iran. In this study, paratypes or populations of 22 species of Pratylenchoides, including the Iranian populations of P. alkani, P. crenicauda, P. erzurumensis, P. laticauda, P. nevadensis, P. ritteri and an undescribed species, were studied. Intra- and interspecies variation of the following characters were investigated: position of the pharyngeal gland nuclei, shape of female and male head, striation of female tail terminus, number of lateral lines at mid-body and in phasmid region for females, presence of intestinal fasciculi, and shape of sperm. Combining morphological and molecular data prompted us to propose two clusters of related Pratylenchoides species. One cluster includes P. crenicauda, P. variabilis and P. erzurumensis, whereas the second cluster consists of P. alkani, P. nevadensis and P. ritteri. Our data point to a sister positioning of P. magnicauda vis-à-vis all Pratylenchoides species included in this research. Analyses of SSU rDNA (for family and subfamily relationships) and partial LSU rDNA sequences (for intrageneric relationships) data revealed: i) the distal and nested positioning of all Pratylenchoidinae within the Merliniidae; ii) the single transition from ectoparasitism to migratory endoparasitism within the family Merliniidae corresponds with the current subfamily partitioning; and iii) support for the monophyletic nature of the genus Pratylenchoides.

scholarly journals A Novel Parasitic, Syndinean Dinoflagellate Euduboscquella triangula Infecting the Tintinnid Helicostomella longa

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung Min Choi ◽  
Jae Ho Jung ◽  
Ki Hong Kim ◽  
D. Wayne Coats ◽  
Young Ok Kim
Keyword(s):  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Representative Sequence ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Group I ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Developmental Features

A tintinnid species, Helicostomella longa, infected by the parasitic dinoflagellate Euduboscquella triangula n. sp. was discovered from the southern coast of Korea in August of 2015 and 2016. Parasite morphology and development were analyzed by observation of live cells and protargol-stained specimens. The parasite was determined to be a new species in the genus Euduboscquella based on morphological and molecular data. A representative sequence of the novel species clustered in Euduboscquella group I. The morphological and developmental features of E. triangula were distinguished from those of its congeners by: (1) numerous shallow and intertwining grooves on an inconspicuous shield; (2) sporocytes initially forming a short chain, but separating after the second or third division regardless of spore type; (3) production of motile mushroom-shaped dinospores, non-motile spherical spores, and non-motile triangular spores. Dinospores were formed by ca. 28% of infections, while both non-motile spherical and triangular spores occurred at a frequency of ca. 36%. All spore types showed completely identical 18S rDNA sequences. Parasite prevalence was 15.5 and 8.3% on 17 and 24 August of 2015, respectively, with infection intensity on both dates being 1.3.

scholarly journals A new species of Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae) from the Western Urals (Russia)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikita A. Martynenko ◽  
Evgeniy S. Gusev ◽  
Pavel V. Kulizin ◽  
Elena E. Guseva ◽  
Kevin McCartney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Lsu Rdna ◽  
Nuclear Rdna ◽  
Ural Mountains ◽  
Rdna Its2 ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Compensatory Base Changes ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
A New Species

A new species, Cryptomonas uralensis Martynenko, Gusev, Kulizin & Guseva sp. nov., is described from western slopes of the Ural Mountains (Russia) based on morphological and molecular data. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from nuclear SSU and LSU rDNA sequences show that the new species forms a clade with C. tetrapyrenoidosa Skuja emend. Hoef-Emden & Melkonian. Comparison of secondary structures of nuclear rDNA ITS2, including analysis of Compensatory Base Changes (CBC), confirms the separation between C. uralensis sp. nov. and C. tetrapyrenoidosa. Cell morphology and sizes of C. uralensis sp. nov. are very similar to C. tetrapyrenoidosa and C. pyrenoidifera, and C. uralensis sp. nov. may thus represent a species that can only be reliably identified using molecular data.

scholarly journals Genetic divergence among accessions of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) sampled in the Tapajós region, State of Pará, using agronomic characters and microsatellite markers

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 2989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo De Souza Silva ◽  
Elisa Ferreira Moura ◽  
João Tomé de Farias Neto ◽  
Nelcimar Reis Sousa ◽  
Mônika Fecury Moura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Agronomic Characters ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Genetic Dissimilarity ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

The aim of this work was to estimate the genetic divergence among accessions of cassava sampled in the Tapajós region in the State of Pará, Brazil, and conserved at the Regional Germplasm Bank of Eastern Amazon, using agronomic descriptors and molecular markers. Twenty-two accessions of cassava were evaluated in the field for two successive years, based on six agronomic descriptors in twelve-months-old plants without a specific experimental design. Accessions were also evaluated with eleven microsatellite loci in an automatic DNA analyser. Descriptive and multivariate statistical analyses were applied. Based on principal components analysis, the character weight of the aerial portion of the plant contributed most to the phenotypical variation. The six traits were used in the analysis of genetic dissimilarity between accessions, and the correlation between matrices generated by morphological and molecular data was estimated. The matrices of genetic dissimilarity were used in the construction of dendrograms using the UPGMA method. We observed a high variation of agronomical descriptors and molecular markers evaluated, which were capable to separate the accessions into distinct groups. A weak positive correlation was detected among the two matrices of genetic distances, which indicates the possibility to explore the genetic diversity using crossings and accessions Amarelinha 36 and Olho roxo 13 are divergent and potentially promising for the generation of heterotic hybrids.

The taxonomic status of Cryptobatrachus frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Serranía del Perijá

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5068 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-262
Author(s):  
FABIO LEONARDO MEZA-JOYA ◽  
ELIANA RAMOS ◽  
FERNANDO J. M. ROJAS-RUNJAIC ◽  
ANDRÉS OVALLE-PACHECO
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Taxon Sampling ◽  
Morphological Similarity ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

The Neotropical frog genus Cryptobatrachus includes six currently recognized species distributed throughout the northern Andes in Colombia and Venezuela. Cryptobatrachus conditus, C. pedroruizi, and C. remotus were described from the Colombian and Venezuelan slopes of the Serranía del Perijá. Due to the great morphological similarity among these species, we re-assess their taxonomic status based on morphological and molecular data from types, topotypes, and specimens from localities referred to in the original descriptions of these species. Morphometric comparisons showed that all these species are virtually indistinguishable, although some subtle qualitative differences in morphological traits distinguish C. conditus from the other species. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences found that C. remotus and C. pedroruizi are not reciprocally monophyletic and exhibit low genetic divergence (< 1 %). Therefore, C. remotus should be considered a junior synonym of C. pedroruizi. This work stresses the importance of comprehensive taxon sampling in poorly explored areas, especially between neighbouring countries.  

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