William Boog Leishman: parasitologist and politician

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (12) ◽  
pp. 1582-1589 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. VINCENT
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Medical Officer ◽  
Early Research ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Causative Organism ◽  
British Army ◽  
Political Skills

SUMMARYFamous for the discovery of the parasite, Leishmania, named after him, and the invention of Leishman's stain, William Boog Leishman should perhaps be better known for his work in military and public health, particularly the prevention of typhoid. Leishman was a Medical Officer in the British Army from 1887 until his death in 1926. His early research was on diseases affecting troops posted to stations within the British Empire. He saw cases of Leishmaniasis while stationed in India, and was able to identify the causative organism from his detailed records of his observations. Leishman's most important contribution to public health, however, was his work with typhoid, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the army. Leishman planned experiments and the collection of data to demonstrate the efficacy of anti-typhoid inoculation and, using his considerable political skills, advocated the adoption of the vaccine. He planned for the inoculation of troops in an emergency so, when war broke out in 1914, the vaccine was available to save thousands of lives. Leishman's colleagues and mentors included Ronald Ross and Almroth Wright. Leishman was less outspoken than either Ross or Wright; this paper shows how the different contributions of the three men overlapped.

Imperial Armies in the Period of Rearmament and Appeasement, 1933–1939

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas E. Delaney
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
British Army ◽  
General Staff ◽  
Far Eastern

European and Far Eastern threats made the 1930s more serious for the armies of the British Empire. In 1934, the Defence Requirements Sub-Committee (DRC) of the Committee of Imperial Defence recommended British measures to rearm and put the prospect of a continental commitment back to a place of prominence in British Army planning. But manpower problems continued to figure prominently in any general staff appreciation of possible army commitments, so Britain still looked to India and the dominions. The problem was that they were of very different attitudes politically, and generally unwilling to make commitments in advance of hostilities. Even so, generals across the empire had to plan for worst cases and they continued to pursue measures that would ensure reasonable cooperation when war came. Dominion and Indian officers still attended the staff colleges and the Imperial Defence College, and exchanges of periodical letters continued with renewed vigour.

scholarly journals Accurate spatiotemporal mapping of drug overdose deaths by machine learning of drug-related web-searches

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243622
Author(s):  
David S. Campo ◽  
Joseph W. Gussler ◽  
Amanda Sue ◽  
Pavel Skums ◽  
Yury Khudyakov
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Spatiotemporal Mapping ◽  
Increased Risk

Persons who inject drugs (PWID) are at increased risk for overdose death (ODD), infections with HIV, hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), and noninfectious health conditions. Spatiotemporal identification of PWID communities is essential for developing efficient and cost-effective public health interventions for reducing morbidity and mortality associated with injection-drug use (IDU). Reported ODDs are a strong indicator of the extent of IDU in different geographic regions. However, ODD quantification can take time, with delays in ODD reporting occurring due to a range of factors including death investigation and drug testing. This delayed ODD reporting may affect efficient early interventions for infectious diseases. We present a novel model, Dynamic Overdose Vulnerability Estimator (DOVE), for assessment and spatiotemporal mapping of ODDs in different U.S. jurisdictions. Using Google® Web-search volumes (i.e., the fraction of all searches that include certain words), we identified a strong association between the reported ODD rates and drug-related search terms for 2004–2017. A machine learning model (Extremely Random Forest) was developed to produce yearly ODD estimates at state and county levels, as well as monthly estimates at state level. Regarding the total number of ODDs per year, DOVE’s error was only 3.52% (Median Absolute Error, MAE) in the United States for 2005–2017. DOVE estimated 66,463 ODDs out of the reported 70,237 (94.48%) during 2017. For that year, the MAE of the individual ODD rates was 4.43%, 7.34%, and 12.75% among yearly estimates for states, yearly estimates for counties, and monthly estimates for states, respectively. These results indicate suitability of the DOVE ODD estimates for dynamic IDU assessment in most states, which may alert for possible increased morbidity and mortality associated with IDU. ODD estimates produced by DOVE offer an opportunity for a spatiotemporal ODD mapping. Timely identification of potential mortality trends among PWID might assist in developing efficient ODD prevention and HBV, HCV, and HIV infection elimination programs by targeting public health interventions to the most vulnerable PWID communities.

Ketersediaan Handrub Meningkatkan Kebiasaan Cuci Tangan Ibu Rumah Tangga

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Desy Ardiyati ◽  
Linda Suwarni ◽  
Abduh Ridha
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
P Value ◽  
Meaningful Difference ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Very High

Diarrheal disease is a problem of public health that is still occurring in Indonesia, especially in children because of morbidity and mortality is still very high. Hand washing is one of the prevention factors of diarrhoea disease but the habit of hand washing habits is still low. Pontianak City is in the first position of 14 districts/cities for diarrhea cases that are handled according to gender in West Kalimantan province. Pontianak City Health Office report year 2015 diarrhea pain figure of 22.24 per 1000 inhabitants. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the use of handrub on the habit of washing housewives in the work area Alianyang Pontianak City. The result showed that there is a significant increase in housewives hand washing behaviors that support 44.4% increase to 55.6% in experimental groups with (p value = 0.000). Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded that the use of handrub is effective against the behavior of housewives' hand washing because there is a meaningful difference between before and after using handrub.

Public health consequences

Pertussis ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 241-256
Author(s):  
Tami H. Skoff ◽  
Colin S. Brown ◽  
Gayatri Amirthalingam
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Severe Morbidity ◽  
Maternal Immunization ◽  
Single Strategy ◽  
Public Health Strategies ◽  
Global Health Problem

Although pertussis can cause morbidity and mortality across all age groups, infants are at greatest risk for severe disease, especially during the first months of life. Despite the implementation of effective vaccination programmes, pertussis remains a significant global health problem and protecting those at highest risk is a priority. Numerous public health strategies, including cocooning, maternal vaccination during pregnancy, targeted vaccination of healthcare personnel, and post-exposure antibiotic prophylaxis, have been used to control the burden of pertussis with varying degrees of success. While maternal immunization during pregnancy has been demonstrated to be highly effective at preventing disease among infants during the first months of life, no single strategy alone is sufficient to control pertussis across age groups. In the setting of a resurgence in disease, a combination of approaches is needed to minimize the burden of disease, especially among those at highest risk for severe morbidity and mortality.

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