Measurements of precipitation and snow pack at Russian North Pole drifting stations

Polar Record ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 34 (188) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Colony ◽  
Vladimir Radionov ◽  
Fred J. Tanis
Keyword(s):  
Data Center ◽  
Arctic Basin ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Radiative Energy ◽  
Precipitation Data ◽  
Digital Database ◽  
Russian North ◽  
Antarctic Research ◽  
Basic Characteristics

AbstractThe Russian Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) has conducted long-term meteorological studies over the Arctic basin and adjacent Siberian seas. Standard measurements of precipitation and snow geophysical properties were made, consistent with methods recommended by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). An extensive set of snow and precipitation data has been collected during the last 40 years and has been assembled into a digital database. These data are now kept at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) and World Data Center A for Glaciology. The geophysical properties of snow and sea ice together affect the conductive, turbulent, and radiative energy exchanges between the ocean and atmosphere. The spatial and temporal variations in these exchanges have an impact on virtually all the physical processes operating across this interface. This paper describes some of the basic characteristics of these snow and precipitation data, including seasonal and interannual variability.

scholarly journals Retrieval of Snow Depth over Arctic Sea Ice Using a Deep Neural Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 2864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiping Liu ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhang ◽  
Xiao Cheng ◽  
Yongyun Hu
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Deep Neural Network ◽  
Arctic Basin ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Sea Ice Thickness ◽  
Arctic Sea

The accurate knowledge of spatial and temporal variations of snow depth over sea ice in the Arctic basin is important for understanding the Arctic energy budget and retrieving sea ice thickness from satellite altimetry. In this study, we develop and validate a new method for retrieving snow depth over Arctic sea ice from brightness temperatures at different frequencies measured by passive microwave radiometers. We construct an ensemble-based deep neural network and use snow depth measured by sea ice mass balance buoys to train the network. First, the accuracy of the retrieved snow depth is validated with observations. The results show the derived snow depth is in good agreement with the observations, in terms of correlation, bias, root mean square error, and probability distribution. Our ensemble-based deep neural network can be used to extend the snow depth retrieval from first-year sea ice (FYI) to multi-year sea ice (MYI), as well as during the melting period. Second, the consistency and discrepancy of snow depth in the Arctic basin between our retrieval using the ensemble-based deep neural network and two other available retrievals using the empirical regression are examined. The results suggest that our snow depth retrieval outperforms these data sets.

Understanding the variability of the Eddy Kinetic Energy in the Arctic Ocean.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Lique ◽  
Heather Regan ◽  
Gianluca Meneghello ◽  
Claude Talandier
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Deformation ◽  
Arctic Basin ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Eddy Kinetic Energy ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

<p>Mesoscale activity in the Arctic Ocean remains largely unexplored, owing primarily to the challenges of i) observing eddies in this ice-covered region and ii) modelling at such small deformation radius. In this talk, we will use results from a simulation performed with a high-resolution, eddy resolving model to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in the Arctic Basin. On average and in contrast to the typical open ocean conditions, the levels of mean and eddy kinetic energy are of the same order of magnitude, and EKE is intensified along the boundary and in the subsurface. On long time scales (interannual to decadal), EKE levels do not respond as expected to changes in the large scale circulation. This can be exemplified when looking at the spin up of the gyre that occurred in response to a strong surface input of momentum in 2007-2008. On seasonal time scales, the estimation of a Lorenz energy cycle allows us to investigate the drivers behind the peculiarities of the EKE field, and to understand the relative roles played by the atmospheric forcing for them.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals The Timing of Initial Spring Melt in the Arctic from Nimbus-7 SMMR Data (Abstract)

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 244-244
Author(s):  
Mark R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chukchi Sea ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Arctic Basin ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Ice Surface

The ablation of sea ice is an important feature in the global climate system. During the melt season in the Arctic, rapid changes occur in sea-ice surface conditions and areal extent of ice. These changes alter the albedo and vary the energy budgets. Understanding the spatial and temporal variations of melt is critical in the polar regions. This study investigates the spring onset of melt in the seasonal sea-ice zone of the Arctic Basin through the use of a melt signature derived by Anderson and others from the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) data. The signature is recognized in the “gradient ratio” of the 18 and 37 GHz vertical brightness temperatures used to distinguish multi-year ice. A spuriously high fraction of multi-year ice appears rapidly during the initial melt of sea ice, when the snow-pack on the ice surface has started to melt. The brightness-temperature changes are a result of either enlarged snow crystals or incipient puddles forming at the snow/ice interface.The timing of these melt events varies geographically and with time. Within the Arctic Basin, the melt signatures are observed first in the Chukchi and Kara/Barents Seas. As the melt progresses, the location of the melt signature moves westward from the Chukchi Sea and eastward from the Kara/Barents Seas to the Laptev Sea region. The timing of the melt signal also varies with year. For example, the melt signature occurred first in the Chukchi Sea in 1979, while in 1980 the signature was first observed in the Kara Sea.There are also differences in the timing of melt for specific geographic locations between years. The melt signature varied almost 25 days in the Chukchi Sea region between 1979 and 1980. The other areas had changes in the 7–10 day range.The occurrence of these melt signatures can be used as an indicator of climate variability in the seasonal sea-ice zones of the Arctic. The timing of the microwave melt signature has also been examined in relation to melt observed on short-wave imagery. The melt events derived from the SMMR data are also related to the large-scale climate conditions.

Dating stratigraphic variations of ions and oxygen isotopes in a high-altitude snowpack by comparison with daily variations of precipitation chemistry at a low-altitude site

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.H. Theakstone
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Oxygen Isotopes ◽  
Arctic Basin ◽  
Precipitation Chemistry ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Atmospheric Circulation Patterns ◽  
Ionic Concentrations ◽  
North East

Daily precipitation at Tustervatn (65°83′N, 13°92′E, 439 m above sea level) was analysed for ions and oxygen isotopes. Seven-day air mass trajectories provided information about the precipitation source and history. The highest Na+ loads were associated with air masses which had crossed the Norwegian Sea and the highest non-sea-salt SO42− loads with trajectories crossing Scandinavia or the United Kingdom; high SO42− loads in late April reflected decreasing snow cover. Trajectories from the Arctic basin resulted in the lowest δ18O values. During the winter, 4.8 m of snow accumulated at 1470 m above sea level on the glacier Austre Okstindbreen, 25 km north-east of Tustervatn. Mean ionic concentrations were lower than at Tustervatn, but loads were higher, as the total precipitation was three times greater. At both sites, ionic loads were closely related to ionic concentrations but not to sample water-equivalent values/precipitation amounts. Dates could be assigned to much of the snowpack on the basis of similarities between its chemical stratigraphy and temporal variations of precipitation chemistry at Tustervatn. Examination of the influence of individual storms on δ18O variations and the relationship between those variations and atmospheric circulation patterns has potential importance in relation to understanding past, present and possible future climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Climatic characteristics of the tropopause over the Arctic Basin

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Nagurny
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Basin ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Upper And Lower Bounds ◽  
Meteorology And Atmospheric Dynamics ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Russian North ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Polar Meteorology ◽  
Climatic Characteristics

Abstract. On the basis of stationary aerological observations and measurements at Russian "North Pole" drifting stations taken during 1954–1991, tropopause climate parameters (height and temperature at its upper and lower bounds) are determined. Long-term trends of these parameters over the Arctic Ocean are revealed.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics · Climatology · Polar meteorology

scholarly journals The Timing of Initial Spring Melt in the Arctic from Nimbus-7 SMMR Data (Abstract)

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 244
Author(s):  
Mark R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chukchi Sea ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Arctic Basin ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Ice Surface

The ablation of sea ice is an important feature in the global climate system. During the melt season in the Arctic, rapid changes occur in sea-ice surface conditions and areal extent of ice. These changes alter the albedo and vary the energy budgets. Understanding the spatial and temporal variations of melt is critical in the polar regions. This study investigates the spring onset of melt in the seasonal sea-ice zone of the Arctic Basin through the use of a melt signature derived by Anderson and others from the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) data. The signature is recognized in the “gradient ratio” of the 18 and 37 GHz vertical brightness temperatures used to distinguish multi-year ice. A spuriously high fraction of multi-year ice appears rapidly during the initial melt of sea ice, when the snow-pack on the ice surface has started to melt. The brightness-temperature changes are a result of either enlarged snow crystals or incipient puddles forming at the snow/ice interface. The timing of these melt events varies geographically and with time. Within the Arctic Basin, the melt signatures are observed first in the Chukchi and Kara/Barents Seas. As the melt progresses, the location of the melt signature moves westward from the Chukchi Sea and eastward from the Kara/Barents Seas to the Laptev Sea region. The timing of the melt signal also varies with year. For example, the melt signature occurred first in the Chukchi Sea in 1979, while in 1980 the signature was first observed in the Kara Sea. There are also differences in the timing of melt for specific geographic locations between years. The melt signature varied almost 25 days in the Chukchi Sea region between 1979 and 1980. The other areas had changes in the 7–10 day range. The occurrence of these melt signatures can be used as an indicator of climate variability in the seasonal sea-ice zones of the Arctic. The timing of the microwave melt signature has also been examined in relation to melt observed on short-wave imagery. The melt events derived from the SMMR data are also related to the large-scale climate conditions.

Summer phytoplankton of the northern Barents Sea (75–80º N)

2019 ◽  
pp. 8-19
Author(s):  
Larisa A. Pautova ◽  
Vladimir A. Silkin ◽  
Marina D. Kravchishina ◽  
Valeriy G. Yakubenko ◽  
Anna L. Chultsova
Keyword(s):  
Barents Sea ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Arctic Basin ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Alexandrium Tamarense ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Deep Trench ◽  
Maximum Biomass

The structure of the summer planktonic communities of the Northern part of the Barents sea in the first half of August 2017 were studied. In the sea-ice melting area, the average phytoplankton biomass producing upper 50-meter layer of water reached values levels of eutrophic waters (up to 2.1 g/m3). Phytoplankton was presented by diatoms of the genera Thalassiosira and Eucampia. Maximum biomass recorded at depths of 22–52 m, the absolute maximum biomass community (5,0 g/m3) marked on the horizon of 45 m (station 5558), located at the outlet of the deep trench Franz Victoria near the West coast of the archipelago Franz Josef Land. In ice-free waters, phytoplankton abundance was low, and the weighted average biomass (8.0 mg/m3 – 123.1 mg/m3) corresponded to oligotrophic waters and lower mesotrophic waters. In the upper layers of the water population abundance was dominated by small flagellates and picoplankton from, biomass – Arctic dinoflagellates (Gymnodinium spp.) and cold Atlantic complexes (Gyrodinium lachryma, Alexandrium tamarense, Dinophysis norvegica). The proportion of Atlantic species in phytoplankton reached 75%. The representatives of warm-water Atlantic complex (Emiliania huxleyi, Rhizosolenia hebetata f. semispina, Ceratium horridum) were recorded up to 80º N, as indicators of the penetration of warm Atlantic waters into the Arctic basin. The presence of oceanic Atlantic species as warm-water and cold systems in the high Arctic indicates the strengthening of processes of “atlantificacion” in the region.

Effect of vegetation on limestone solution in a small High Arctic basin

1977 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Ko Woo ◽  
Philip Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Arctic Basin ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Equilibrium Partial Pressure ◽  
Biogenic Carbon

To evaluate the effect of tundra vegetation on limestone solution processes, the present study was carried out in a small basin in southwestern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T. A test reach was selected along the stream, and water samples were collected at regular intervals from a seepage point entering the reach, a soil water pit at the bottom of a vegetated slope along the test reach, and from the stream at the outlet of the reach. Hydrochemical characteristics of the samples were described by several measured and calculated variables including water temperature, pH, calcium and total hardness, bicarbonate concentration, equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and indices of saturation with respect to calcite and dolomite. Throughout the growing season of 1975, all samples indicated higher concentrations in water hardness and in bicarbonate than those reported in nonvegetated areas of the Arctic. A rising trend was apparent in these data, with the concentrations reaching a seasonal maximum in late summer. These phenomena are attributed to the production of biogenic carbon dioxide, which increased the aggressiveness of the water. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in soil water was directly increased by this process, while the addition of soil water to the stream caused noticeable downstream increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide and a corresponding reduction in saturation with respect to calcite and to dolomite. The influence of vegetation was therefore very marked in both surface and in subsurface flows.

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