Soviet terms for the north of the USSR

Polar Record ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 10 (69) ◽  
pp. 609-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Tree Line ◽  
Precise Meaning ◽  
The North ◽  
Soviet Literature ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Extreme North ◽  
The Arctic Region

There has for long been discussion among Soviet geographers on the definition of various terms in Soviet usage to indicate the northern part of the USSR. Some of these terms—“the Arctic” [Arktika], “the Arctic region” [arkticheskaya oblast'], “the sub-Arctic” [subarktika], “the polar regions” [Zapolyar'ye]—are normally used to denote areas defined according to physical criteria. Such criteria are similar to those usually applied outside the USSR, such as the “10° C. July isotherm”, the “tree line”, or the “limit of continuous permafrost”, and, again as in the non-Soviet world, the terms have no generally accepted precise meaning and must be defined by each user. But in addition to these terms for natural regions, there are certain terms in predominantly economic and administrative usage: “the north” [sever], “the far north” [dal'niy sever], “the extreme north” [krayniy sever], “the northern marches” [severnyye okrainy], and “the Soviet north” [sovetskiy sever]. Some explanation of their current connotations may be helpful to those studying Soviet literature.

scholarly journals Permafrost Hydrology Research Domain: Process-Based Adjustment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikita Tananaev ◽  
Roman Teisserenc ◽  
Matvey Debolskiy
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Change ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Linguistic Relativity ◽  
Water Migration ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Research Domain ◽  
The Arctic Region

Permafrost hydrology is an emerging discipline, attracting increasing attention as the Arctic region is undergoing rapid change. However, the research domain of this discipline had never been explicitly formulated. Both 'permafrost' and 'hydrology' yield differing meanings across languages and scientific domains, hence 'permafrost hydrology' serves as an example of linguistic relativity. The differing views of permafrost as either an ecosystem class or a geographical region, and hydrology as a discipline concerned with either landscapes or generic water bodies, maintain a language-specific touch in the definition of permafrost hydrology. From this point of view, the English and Russian usage of this term is explained. A universal process-based definition is further proposed, developed on a specific process assemblage, including (i) water table dynamics caused by migration of an upper aquitard through freeze–thaw processes; (ii) water migration in soil matrix, driven by phase transitions in the active layer; (iii) transient water storage in solid state in the subsurface compartment. This definition is shown to fill the niche in existing vocabulary, and other definitions from northern hydrology field are revisited.

scholarly journals Cultural Identities in Sustaining Religious Communities in the Arctic Region: An Ethnographic Analysis of Religiosity from the Northern Viewpoint

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-67
Author(s):  
Nafisa Yeasmin
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Region ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Minority Community ◽  
The North ◽  
Muslim Minority ◽  
European Arctic ◽  
Secular Society ◽  
Ethnographic Analysis ◽  
The Arctic Region

AbstractNorthern countries are facing the challenges of declining human capital, and admitting immigrants, many of whom belong to religious minorities, to satisfy the demand for labour. If northern societies accept multiculturalism and immigrants, they should not disregard the cultures and religious practices (for example, ritual slaughter) of immigrants, as they need to survive and integrate as a minority community in a secular society. However, there is clash between secularism and religions permitting animal slaughter, which is prohibited by some and allowed by other European countries. Community viability and sustainability depend partly on the exercise of community beliefs and ideology that support identity behaviour. This study will present an ethnographic analysis of the religiosity related to ritual slaughter and Muslim cultural identity in the European Arctic region and explore how religious relativism and practice sustain the community and support the overall integration of the Muslim minority in the North.

scholarly journals Sources: Antarctica and the Arctic Circle: A Geographic Encyclopedia of the Earth's Polar Regions

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Lisa Euster
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Applied Sciences ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Vast Area ◽  
The Arctic Region

Although calling itself a geographic encyclopedia, the scope of this two-volume set is broader than such a designation suggests. Hund has attempted to encompass a large range of information about a vast area, perhaps a bit much for a modest two-volume set. Attempting to address in a meaningful way topics in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and applied sciences for both poles in approximately 350 entries and fewer than 800 pages is ambitious. His stated "central feature . . . the original inhabitants of the Arctic region" (xi) would, alone, merit a work of this size. John Stewart's larger, two-volume Antarctica: An Encyclopedia, 2nd ed. (McFarland, 2011) is more limited in both geographical and topical scope.

scholarly journals The Arctic Five: search for a balance of power in the region

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-287
Author(s):  
I. S. Doroshenko
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
The Development Strategy ◽  
Northern Territories ◽  
The Arctic Region

Due to climate change, the Arctic region becomes a place of geopolitical rivalry of both Arctic and non-Arctic states. Traditional formats for determining the agenda in the region are effective, but with the advent of the interest of an increasing number of international actors, these formats are transforming, which may affect the balance of power in the region. The growing activity of Asian countries in the Arctic, primarily China, is forcing regional states to make adjustments to the development strategy of the region. The rapid renewal of its potential in the northern territories of Russia caused a negative reaction from the western countries, especially after 2014.Such aspirations have emerged as the internationalization of the region by Northern Europe and China, the desire to draw clear boundaries on the part of Russia and Canada, and the buildup of US influence on its colleagues in the North Atlantic bloc. This situation may cause an uncontrolled increase in tension in the region, especially if new alliances between the Arctic and non-Arctic countries are created. The author considers the current approaches of the countries of the Arctic five, analyzes the true motives of internationalization and the role of the format of the Arctic five in maintaining a balance of power and stability in the northern latitudes.

scholarly journals SEISMICITY of the ARCTIC in 2015

2021 ◽  
pp. 210-216
Author(s):  
A. Morozov ◽  
G. Avetisov ◽  
G. Antonovskaya ◽  
V. Asming ◽  
S. Baranov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Station ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Earthquake Catalog ◽  
Svalbard Archipelago ◽  
Ocean Ridges ◽  
The North ◽  
Franz Josef Land ◽  
Barents And Kara Seas ◽  
The Arctic Region

The article provides an overview and analysis of seismicity within the boundaries of the Arctic region for 2015, a description of seismic station networks, and processing methods. The catalog of earthquakes in the Arctic region was compiled on the basis of catalogs of several organizations and seismological centers. In total, 334 earthquakes are included in the earthquake catalog. Most of the earthquakes that occurred in 2015, including all the strongest earthquakes, were located within the mid-ocean ridges of Mon, Knipovich and Gakkel. In the offshore territories, most of the earthquakes were confined to the Svalbard archipelago, in particular, to the seismically active zone in the Sturfjord strait. The renewal of instrumental seismological observations in 2011 (station ZFI) on Alexandra Land Island in the Franz Josef Land archipelago made it possible to record weak earthquakes in the north of the shelf of the Barents and Kara Seas. For twelve earthquakes, the focal mechanism parameters are presented according to the Global CMT catalog.

scholarly journals The specificity of Russia’s chairmanship of the Arctic Council in 2021–2023

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Sofia Khusainova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
National Interests ◽  
The North ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Arctic Region

The subject of this research is the policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic. The object is Russia’s chairmanship of the Arctic Council in 2021–2023. The author meticulously analyzes the positions of the state, taking into account national interests and peculiarities of the current international situation in the region. The article examines the domestic legislative acts adopted for regulation of the Arctic Region, as well as international documents aimed at sustainable development of the North. The conditions of collective security dictate moderate and clearly defined policy in the Arctic, which is the central arena for political action with the leading role of the Russian Federation until 2023. The conclusion is drawn that the Arctic Region is currently the most relevant vector of the policy of northern states. Chairmanship of the Russian Federation imposes enormous responsibility on the country, as despite the overall state of security in the region, there remains a range of unresolved issues. The attempts of institutionalization of the Arctic Council may become an implicit threat for the Russian Federation; this is why the systematization of domestic legislation and foreign policy actions on maintaining the health of ecosystem, cultural heritage, and environmental policy have become the priority vectors in the first year of Russia’s chairmanship. The overall responsibility of the leading actor the Arctic does not exclude the existence of classic threats to the security of state’s sovereignty, which requires accurate planning in subsequent years of the chairmanship.

scholarly journals STRAIGHT TO THE NORTH: ARCTIC EXPLORATION IN ARTISTS’ WORKS.

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1/2021) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
Yu.I. Maksimov ◽  
◽  
A.B. Mambetova ◽  
A.I. Krivichev ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Region ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Graphic Arts ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Arctic Exploration ◽  
Art Community ◽  
Extreme North ◽  
Creative Team

The article provides an overview on the history of the Kola Arctic region and the Arctic artistic exploration based on the “Straight to the North” temporary exhibition in Murmansk Regional Art Museum, 2019. Pieces of icon painting, decorative and applied arts, books, household items, painting and graphic arts and collection of the Kola Peninsula minerals were exhibited there. Some art works are described in details: paintings of Russian artists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and Soviet artists, including painters from Murmansk and members of “The Arctic” creative team in 1978–1985. The authors analysed, how social and economic development of the Kola Arctic region influenced new art styles and directions: from plein air painting under the Extreme North conditions to industrial landscapes and creation of an art community. The authors dedicate the article to the memory of Honored Artist of the Russian Federation, the leader of “The Arctic” creative team Arvi Ivanovich Huttunen (31.08.1922–27.08.2020).

An Environmentally Literate Explorer

Sibirica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-40
Author(s):  
Seija A. Niemi
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Region ◽  
Environmental Literacy ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The North ◽  
Trade Route ◽  
The Arctic Region

Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld (1832–1901), a Finnish Swedish scientist and explorer, made three expeditions to the North Asian coast between 1875 and 1879. He completed ten expeditions to the Arctic region between 1858 and 1883. The unifying goal of the North Asian expeditions was to open a trade route between Europe and Siberia. As a scientist, Nordenskiöld also studied the flora, fauna, geology, geography, hydrology, meteorology, ethnology, and history, and produced charts of this unfamiliar territory. This article argues that Nordenskiöld used his skills of environmental literacy when he combined the commercial and scientific goals of his expeditions. He also had the ability to deal with the environment in practical and rational terms, which I argue is also one expression of environmental literacy.

Galois Involutions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard M¨uhlherr ◽  
Holger P. Petersson ◽  
Richard M. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Points ◽  
Polar Region ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Spherical Building ◽  
Linear Automorphism ◽  
Moufang Condition ◽  
Coxeter Diagram ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Arctic Region

This chapter focuses on the fixed points of a strictly semi-linear automorphism of order 2 of a spherical building which satisfies the conditions laid out in Hypothesis 30.1. It begins with the fhe definition of a spherical building satisfying the Moufang condition and a Galois involution of Δ‎, described as an automorphism of Δ‎ of order 2 that is strictly semi-linear. It can be recalled that Δ‎ can have a non-type-preserving semi-linear automorphism only if its Coxeter diagram is simply laced. The chapter assumes that the building Δ‎ being discussed is as in 30.1 and that τ‎ is a Galois involution of Δ‎. It also considers the notation stating that the polar region of a root α‎ of Δ‎ is the unique residue of Δ‎ containing the arctic region of α‎.

NAVIGATION SHARING PROSPECTS GLONASS AND PSEUDOLITES FIELDS FOR NAVIGATION AND LANDING OF AIRCRAFT IN ARCTIC

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
V. I. Baburov ◽  
N. V. Vasileva ◽  
N. V. Ivantsevich
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Region ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Simulation Modelling ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
Arctic Conditions ◽  
The Arctic Region

In view of the development of the Arctic Region the problem of aircraft (AC) navigation support under arctic conditions throughout the flight, including the landing stage, acquires special momentum. Given that land-based navigation systems have a limited range which does not cover the Arctic Region and are significantly inferior to satellite radio navigation systems (SRNS), SRNS user navigation equipment (UNE) becomes extremely important for AC navigation and landing. The functioning of SRNS UNE in the polar regions is determined by the characteristics of the satellite signal propagation path under arctic conditions and considerable radio signal reflection from the underlying surface. Multipath errors are of special significance for low satellite elevations. If low satellites are excluded from processing by UNE while maintaining acceptable positioning accuracy, both the integral accuracy rates and accessibility may be improved. The paper analyses the composition and information characteristics of working satellite constellations in integrated GLONASS and pseudolites positioning in the Arctic region of Russia. Our study performed by simulation modelling has established considerable redundancy of working constellations at the nominal value of admissible satellite elevation. This factor has been studied for forming controllable working constellations in aircraft on board navigation and landing complex.

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