Labelling and drug effects in the treatment of neurotic affective disorders: an experimental investigation

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive Hyde ◽  
David Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Therapeutic Response ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
Reactive Depression ◽  
Diagnostic Labels ◽  
Diagnostic Label ◽  
Depressive States

SYNOPSISThis study investigates the effects of assigned diagnostic labels, with their accompanying predictions of therapeutic response, and prescribed psychotropic drugs. It was thought that such ‘labelling’ effects might be important in ambiguous situations, such as neurotic anxiety–depressive states, where diagnoses of ‘reactive depression’ or ‘anxiety state’ might justifiably be made and treatment with either diazepam or nortripyline legitimately given. The depression label and its concomitant two-weekly prediction of improvement with antidepressants produced a set towards slower response with higher self-report depression. Nortriptyline produced significantly more improvement in self-report depression than diazepam in the first 2 weeks of treatment. No significant interaction effects were detected between diagnosis or drug. One month after the initial diagnostic evaluation there were no significant effects from either diagnostic label or drug.

Test-Retest Reliability of a Self-Report Questionnaire for DSM-IV and ICD-10 Personality Disorders

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Ottosson ◽  
Martin Grann ◽  
Gunnar Kullgren
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Summary: Short-term stability or test-retest reliability of self-reported personality traits is likely to be biased if the respondent is affected by a depressive or anxiety state. However, in some studies, DSM-oriented self-reported instruments have proved to be reasonably stable in the short term, regardless of co-occurring depressive or anxiety disorders. In the present study, we examined the short-term test-retest reliability of a new self-report questionnaire for personality disorder diagnosis (DIP-Q) on a clinical sample of 30 individuals, having either a depressive, an anxiety, or no axis-I disorder. Test-retest scorings from subjects with depressive disorders were mostly unstable, with a significant change in fulfilled criteria between entry and retest for three out of ten personality disorders: borderline, avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Scorings from subjects with anxiety disorders were unstable only for cluster C and dependent personality disorder items. In the absence of co-morbid depressive or anxiety disorders, mean dimensional scores of DIP-Q showed no significant differences between entry and retest. Overall, the effect from state on trait scorings was moderate, and it is concluded that test-retest reliability for DIP-Q is acceptable.

What Gives a Diagnostic Label Value? Common Use Over Informativeness

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babak Hemmatian ◽  
Sze Yu Yu Chan ◽  
Steven A. Sloman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
Causal Beliefs ◽  
Diagnostic Categories ◽  
Diagnostic Labels ◽  
Diagnostic Label ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

A label’s entrenchment, its degree of use by members of a community, affects its perceived explanatory value even if the label provides no substantive information (Hemmatian & Sloman, 2018). In three experiments, we show that laypersons and mental health professionals see entrenched psychiatric and non-psychiatric diagnostic labels as better explanations than non-entrenched labels even if they are circular. Using scenarios involving experts who discuss unfamiliar diagnostic categories, we show that this preference is not due to violations of conversational norms, lack of reflectiveness or attentiveness, and the characters’ familiarity or unfamiliarity with the label. In Experiment 1, whether a label provided novel symptom information or not had no impact on lay responses, while its entrenchment enhanced ratings of explanation quality. The effect persisted in Experiment 2 for causally incoherent categories and regardless of direct provision of mechanistic information. The effect of entrenchment was partly related to induced causal beliefs about the category, even when participants were informed there is no causal relation. Most participants in both experiments did not report any effect of entrenchment and the effect was present for those who did not. In Experiment 3, mental health professionals showed the effect using diagnoses that were mere shorthands for symptoms, despite a tendency to rate all explanations as unsatisfactory. The data suggest that bringing experts’ attention to the manipulation eliminates the effect. We discuss practical implications for mental health disciplines and potential ways to mitigate the impact of entrenchment.

Psychotherapy of anxious and depressive states in patients with stroke

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
M. N. Teterina ◽  
I. A. Meshandin
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Rehabilitation Care ◽  
Clinical Center ◽  
Depressive States

The article describes the basic principles of cognitive-behavioral and client-centered psychotherapy of patients who have had a stroke and suffer from protracted affective disorders of an anxiety-depressive nature. The importance of psychotherapeutic component in the context of complex medical and rehabilitation care for such patients is demonstrated. The work is done in the Z. P. Solovyov Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry.

Intropunitiveness and Parasuicide: Prediction of Interview Response

1988 ◽  
Vol 153 (6) ◽  
pp. 801-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Goldberg ◽  
I. Sakinofsky
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Interview ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Cognitive Intervention ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Symptom Change ◽  
Depressive State ◽  
Change Measure ◽  
State Changes ◽  
Interview Group ◽  
Depressive States

A recently proposed relationship between intropunitiveness and depressive states was examined in interview intervention with parasuicidal in-patients. To test the prediction that highly intropunitive parasuicidal individuals would be most responsive to cognitive intervention, a sample of 48 parasuicidal in-patients were administered a battery of individual difference measures, including the Hostility Questionnaire. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three interview procedures, namely a cognitive interview, an affective interview or a waiting period (control). Highly intropunitive individuals in the cognitive interview group showed the most improvements on a self-report depressive symptom change measure. In addition to supporting theoretical models of depressive state changes, the study has important clinical implications because of the need to identify parasuicidal individuals who are most likely to benefit from brief interventions.

Prediction of major affective disorders in adolescents by self-report measures

2009 ◽  
Vol 115 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 140-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Aebi ◽  
Christa Winkler Metzke ◽  
Hans-Christoph Steinhausen
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Self Report

scholarly journals Basic concepts of depression

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Endogenous Depression ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Reactive Depression ◽  
The Core ◽  
Broad Concept ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The 1960S

This paper reviews concepts of depression, including history and classification. The original broad concept of melancholia included all forms of quiet insanity. The term depression began to appear in the nineteenth century, as did the modern concept of affective disorders, with the core disturbance now viewed as one of mood. The 1980s saw the introduction of defined criteria into official diagnostic schemes. The modern separation into unipolar and bipolar disorder was introduced following empirical research by Angst and Perris in the 1960s. The partially overlapping distinctions between psychotic and neurotic depression, and between endogenous and reactive depression, started to generate debate in the 1920s, with considerable multivariate research in the 1960s. The symptom element in endogenous depression currently survives in melancholia or somatic syndrome. Life stress is common in various depressive pictures. Dysthymia, a valuable diagnosis, represents a form of what was regarded earlier as neurotic depression. Other subtypes are also discussed.

scholarly journals Stigmatizing effects of psychological diagnosis in children

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
Mª del Mar Montoya-Rodríguez ◽  
Francisco-Javier Molina-Cobos
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Psychological Development ◽  
Psychological Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Labels ◽  
Human Figure ◽  
Diagnostic Label ◽  
Instrumental Reasons

Despite the known advantages of the classification of psychological disorders, using formal diagnostic could reduce a story of life and way of behaving to a mere diagnostic label, becoming a tautological explanation that ignores the true explanation of the problem and adds iatrogenic functions and stigmatizing. The present study assesses the influence of diagnostic labels in the performance of psychologists who evaluate the intelligence of a group of children. The Goodenough Test is used for instrumental reasons. The different drawings of a human figure, made by children with standardized psychological development, were labeled as if having been drawn by children with mental retardation, giftedness and normal development. The results show that evaluators, unaware of the falsity of the diagnoses, score the drawings differentially depending on the diagnostic label used. That is, the results evidence the negative influence of a diagnostic label about expectations and treatment to the person diagnosed.

scholarly journals The effects of symptoms, diagnostic labels, and education in psychiatry on the stigmatization towards schizophrenia: a questionnaire survey among a lay population in Japan

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
Asami Matsunaga ◽  
Toshinori Kitamura
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Diagnostic Labels ◽  
Case Vignettes ◽  
Stigmatizing Attitudes ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
Diagnostic Label ◽  
Demographic Features

This questionnaire survey was conducted to study the determinants of stigmatization toward schizophrenia in Japan. A total of 1003 persons living in Kumamoto Prefecture (mean age 25.5; SD=14.1) participated in this study through convenience sampling. They read one of four case vignettes about a person with mental illness and answered questions about their attitudes toward the case. Vignettes varied in terms of descriptions of symptoms (schizophrenia vs. depression) and presentation of the diagnostic label of schizophrenia (yes or no). A path analysis was performed to examine the effects of symptoms, diagnostic label, experience of education in psychiatry, and demographic features on stigmatizing attitudes. Results showed that schizophrenic symptoms, diagnostic label of schizophrenia, and experience of education in psychiatry were significantly associated with stigmatization toward the case. Interaction terms of these variables did not show significant association with stigmatization. These results highlight the importance of optimizing education techniques about mental illness so as to avoid cultivating stigmatizing attitudes toward schizophrenia.

scholarly journals An experimental Investigation of the Impact of Personality Disorder Diagnosis on Clinicians: Can We See Past the Borderline?

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny C.K. Lam ◽  
Elena V. Poplavskaya ◽  
Paul M. Salkovskis ◽  
Lorna I. Hogg ◽  
Holly Panting
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Descriptive Information ◽  
Diagnostic Labels ◽  
Diagnostic Label ◽  
The Impact

Background: There is concern that diagnostic labels for psychiatric disorders may invoke damaging stigma, stereotypes and misunderstanding. Aims: This study investigated clinicians’ reactions to diagnostic labelling by examining their positive and negative reactions to the label borderline personality disorder (BPD). Method: Mental health professionals (n = 265) viewed a videotape of a patient suffering from panic disorder and agoraphobia undergoing assessment. Prior to viewing the videotape, participants were randomly allocated to one of three conditions and were given the following information about the patient: (a) general background information; (b) additional descriptive information about behaviour corresponding to BPD; and (c) additional descriptive information about behaviour corresponding to BPD, but explicitly adding BPD as a possible comorbid diagnostic label. All participants were then asked to note things they had seen in the videotape that made them feel optimistic or pessimistic about treatment outcome. Results: Participants in the group that were explicitly informed that the patient had a BPD diagnostic label reported significantly fewer reasons to be optimistic than the other two groups. Conclusions: Diagnostic labels may negatively impact on clinicians’ judgments and perceptions of individuals and therefore clinicians should think carefully about whether, and how, they use diagnoses and efforts should be made to destigmatize diagnostic terms.

scholarly journals Differentiating anxiety from fear: an experimental–pharmacological approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia V. Lippold ◽  
Ulrich Ettinger ◽  
René Hurlemann ◽  
Philip J. Corr ◽  
Martin Reuter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Effects ◽  
Anxiolytic Effect ◽  
Threshold Effect ◽  
Negative Emotionality ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Anxiolytic Drugs ◽  
Threat Avoidance ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

Abstract Gray’s theory of personality postulates that fear and anxiety are distinct emotional systems with only the latter being sensitive to anxiolytic drugs. His work was mainly based on animal research, and translational studies validating his theory are scarce. Previous work in humans showed an influence of the benzodiazepine lorazepam on both systems, however, dependent on dosage (1 and 2 mg) and personality differences in negative emotionality. The present study aims to replicate these findings, and in addition tests the drug threshold effect by introducing a lower dosage of 0.5 mg lorazepam. Fifty healthy adults (23 males, agemean 22.40, SD ± 3.68) participated in an experimental threat-avoidance paradigm designed to dissociate risk assessment intensity (RAI, reflecting anxiety) and flight intensity (FI, reflecting fear) and completed two self-report questionnaires assessing facets of negative emotionality (Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory and Fear Survey Schedule). In a randomized placebo-controlled within-subjects design, 0.5 and 1 mg of lorazepam were applied per os. Saccadic peak velocity was assessed by means of eye-tracking in order to control for sedating drug effects. Results showed the expected and specific anxiolytic effect of lorazepam on RAI, however, only in the 0.5 mg condition. FI was not influenced by lorazepam, and previous findings of interaction effects of lorazepam with self-reported negative emotionality could not be corroborated. Overall, this study demonstrates anxiolytic effects of lorazepam in dosages ≤1 mg in the absence of a drug effect on fear using a translational behavioural task. However, a putative moderating role of personality on defensive behaviour has to be clarified in future research.

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