Intropunitiveness and Parasuicide: Prediction of Interview Response

1988 ◽  
Vol 153 (6) ◽  
pp. 801-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Goldberg ◽  
I. Sakinofsky
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Interview ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Cognitive Intervention ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Symptom Change ◽  
Depressive State ◽  
Change Measure ◽  
State Changes ◽  
Interview Group ◽  
Depressive States

A recently proposed relationship between intropunitiveness and depressive states was examined in interview intervention with parasuicidal in-patients. To test the prediction that highly intropunitive parasuicidal individuals would be most responsive to cognitive intervention, a sample of 48 parasuicidal in-patients were administered a battery of individual difference measures, including the Hostility Questionnaire. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three interview procedures, namely a cognitive interview, an affective interview or a waiting period (control). Highly intropunitive individuals in the cognitive interview group showed the most improvements on a self-report depressive symptom change measure. In addition to supporting theoretical models of depressive state changes, the study has important clinical implications because of the need to identify parasuicidal individuals who are most likely to benefit from brief interventions.

scholarly journals Psychopathic Personality Traits as a Protective Factor against the Development of Intrusive Memories

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-12
Author(s):  
Caroline Moul ◽  
Angela Nickerson
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accident ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Psychopathic Personality ◽  
Intrusive Memories ◽  
Short Video

Background People with psychopathic personality traits have been shown to have low rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Contemporary theoretical models of PTSD and psychopathy converge to suggest that a bias in the type of information that is encoded into memory is a core component of both disorders. We tested the hypothesis that people with psychopathic personality traits have a reduced susceptibility to developing intrusion-related symptoms. Method Participants completed self-report measures before watching a short video depicting the aftermath of a motor vehicle accident. The participants recorded their intrusive memories for seven days before returning for a follow-up assessment. Results Psychopathic personality score was found to be a significant negative predictor of intrusion-related experiences at follow-up. This relationship was mediated by the vividness of intrusions. Conclusion The results support the hypothesis that the balance between the encoding of perceptual versus conceptual properties is a core feature both in the aetiology of PTSD and in people with psychopathic personality traits.

Measuring negative symptom change in schizophrenia: considering alternatives to self-report

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 911-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Gupta ◽  
Katherine Holshausen ◽  
Lisa Gou ◽  
Christopher Bowie
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptom ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Symptom Change

Developmental Offending Patterns: Female Offending Beyond the Reference Category

2020 ◽  
pp. 009385482096672
Author(s):  
Kelsey Gushue ◽  
Evan C. Mccuish ◽  
Raymond R. Corrado
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Offending Trajectories ◽  
Individual Family ◽  
Female Offending ◽  
School Risk Factors ◽  
Offending Patterns

Compared with young men, justice-involved young women are often characterized by a greater array of risk factors, yet show a more limited pattern of offending. This paradox may be related to risk factors functioning differently not only for male versus female adolescents but also among female adolescents involved in offending. Data were used on 284 girls from the Incarcerated Serious and Violent Young Offender Study to address whether risk factors varied across different offending trajectories modeled between ages 12 and 23. Risk factors measured from self-report interviews were compared across the three trajectories identified. Individual, family, and school risk factors varied across trajectory groups, but not always in ways anticipated. Female offending does not appear to fit neatly within existing developmental criminology theory. Theoretical models should be adapted, or new models developed, to account for the complexities of female offending patterns.

Prototypes of drinkers and accessibility of injunctive norms predict college drinking

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 823-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Rhodes ◽  
Christopher Loiewski ◽  
Bridget Potocki ◽  
Rachel Ralston
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Self Report ◽  
First Year ◽  
Injunctive Norm ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
First Year College ◽  
Student Drinking ◽  
First Year College Students

A self-report survey of first-year college students ( n = 421; 46% female) included measures of perceived prototype, attitude and injunctive norm accessibility, past drinking behavior, and future drinking intention. Both norm accessibility and prototype perception were significant predictors of intention to drink in the future among first-year college students. The effect of prototypes on drinking diminished as pro-drinking norms became more accessible, indicating greater automaticity of drinking decision-making. Theoretical models of drinking intention should include both normative constructs and prototypes. Implications for interventions to reduce college student drinking are discussed.

A practical approach to the early identification of antidepressant medication non-responders

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Li ◽  
A. Y. C. Kuk ◽  
A. J. Rush
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Antidepressant Medication ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Symptom Change ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Outcomes Study ◽  
Symptom Changes ◽  
Time Point

BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to determine whether a combination of baseline features and early post-baseline depressive symptom changes have clinical value in predicting out-patient non-response in depressed out-patients after 8 weeks of medication treatment.MethodWe analysed data from the Combining Medications to Enhance Depression Outcomes study for 447 participants with complete 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology – Self-Report (QIDS-SR16) ratings at baseline and at treatment weeks 2, 4 and 8. We used a multi-time point, recursive subsetting approach that included baseline features and changes in QIDS-SR16 scores from baseline to weeks 2 and 4, to identify non-responders (<50% reduction in QIDS-SR16) at week 8 with a pre-specified accuracy level.ResultsPretreatment clinical features alone were not clinically useful predictors of non-response after 8 weeks of treatment. Baseline to week 2 symptom change identified 48 non-responders (of which 36 were true non-responders). This approach gave a clinically meaningful negative predictive value of 0.75. Symptom change from baseline to week 4 identified 79 non-responders (of which 60 were true non-responders), achieving the same accuracy. Symptom change at both weeks 2 and 4 identified 87 participants (almost 20% of the sample) as non-responders with the same accuracy. More participants with chronic than non-chronic index episodes could be accurately identified by week 4.ConclusionsSpecific baseline clinical features combined with symptom changes by weeks 2–4 can provide clinically actionable results, enhancing the efficiency of care by personalizing the treatment of depression.

Continuities and Discontinuities Between Psychopathy and Narcissism Among Male Offenders

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S465-S465
Author(s):  
P. Velotti ◽  
C. Garofalo ◽  
M. D’Aguanno ◽  
G. Rogier
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Female Offender ◽  
Pathological Narcissism ◽  
Male Offenders ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Partial Overlap ◽  
Distinct Features

IntroductionA heated and longstanding debate exists as to whether psychopathy and narcissism represent two distinct, albeit overlapping, constructs, or two different labels for the same concept. However, relatively scant attention has been dedicated to this issue in offender populations, which are likely to present elevated levels of both psychopathy and narcissism. Furthermore, the picture is complicated by the multidimensional nature of both constructs.ObjectiveWe sought to explore the associations among psychopathy facets and pathological narcissism dimensions, comparing an offender sample with community participants.AimsTo highlight similarities and differences in clinically relevant and sub-clinical levels of psychopathy and narcissism dimensions, as well as in pattern of associations between them.MethodsA sample of male offenders incarcerated in Italian jails, and a sample of community-dwelling men, were administered the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (SRP-4; Paulhus et al., 2015) and the Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI; Pincus et al., 2009).ResultsAs expected, levels of both narcissism and psychopathy were significantly higher in the offender sample. Narcissism and psychopathy were only partly related, with correlations ranging from low to moderate in size, and differential pattern of associations between selected dimensions emerged consistently with theoretical models and in line with prior studies.ConclusionsPsychopathy and narcissism are two separate syndromes, which share similar aspects but also present distinct features and this is likely to explain their partial overlap. Future studies should take a closer look at how facets of psychopathy and narcissism relate across different samples (e.g., also examining female offender samples).Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Labelling and drug effects in the treatment of neurotic affective disorders: an experimental investigation

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive Hyde ◽  
David Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Therapeutic Response ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
Reactive Depression ◽  
Diagnostic Labels ◽  
Diagnostic Label ◽  
Depressive States

SYNOPSISThis study investigates the effects of assigned diagnostic labels, with their accompanying predictions of therapeutic response, and prescribed psychotropic drugs. It was thought that such ‘labelling’ effects might be important in ambiguous situations, such as neurotic anxiety–depressive states, where diagnoses of ‘reactive depression’ or ‘anxiety state’ might justifiably be made and treatment with either diazepam or nortripyline legitimately given. The depression label and its concomitant two-weekly prediction of improvement with antidepressants produced a set towards slower response with higher self-report depression. Nortriptyline produced significantly more improvement in self-report depression than diazepam in the first 2 weeks of treatment. No significant interaction effects were detected between diagnosis or drug. One month after the initial diagnostic evaluation there were no significant effects from either diagnostic label or drug.

scholarly journals Competencias emocionales y toma de decisiones responsable en preadolescentes con el apoyo de docentes, padres y madres de familia: Un estudio comparativo en estudiantes de 4º a 6º año de educación primaria en España

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Concepción Márquez-Cervantes ◽  
Martha Leticia Gaeta-González
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Emotional Awareness ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Emotional Competencies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Teachers And Parents

This article aims to analyze the relationship between emotional competencies and responsible decision making in pre-adolescents, and the support of teachers and parents in this process, which could help students to solve problems and face risk situations in a better way. A quantitative, descriptive correlation and cross-sectional type research was carried out to achieve this aim. 70 students from the 4th, 5th and 6th grades (ages 8-12), three teachers and 12 parents from a public school in the province of Almeria, Spain, participated in the study. Three questionnaires were designed (for students, teachers and parents) to collect the information; they were based on theoretical models (Bisquerra & Pérez, 2007) and standardized self-report inventories in emotional competencies (Extremera & Fernández-Berrocal, 2004; Matson et al., 1983). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, a comparison between groups, and a correlation between variables. Among the main results, students reported that they did greater work in strengthening their emotional awareness, followed by emotional regulation and interpersonal relationships. There were no significant differences in emotional management and responsible decision making among students from the three academic years; however, males reported greater emotional control than females. A significant correlation between emotional competencies and responsible decision making in pre-adolescents was found. Teaching staff mentioned having done greater work in the development of students’ emotional awareness and support of their responsible decision making. Parents, in turn, seek to help their sons and daughters to be more self-reliant, in addition to working collaboratively with the school, by documenting or seeking support to contribute to education and personal development of their children.

scholarly journals Pedagogical Indoctrination in Romania. Perceptions of Pre-Service and In-Service Teachers

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1Sup1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxana Ghiatau ◽  
Florin-Vasile Frumos
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Major Purpose ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
The North ◽  
Significant Difference

Formal education means, among other things, to influence learner’s minds through ideologies and doctrines. The connection between ideology and teaching is often theorized through the concept of pedagogical indoctrination, but empirical data on this phenomenon are missing. Acknowledging the crucial importance of indoctrination in school, the major purpose of this study was to empirically explore teachers’ and future teachers’ perceptions about pedagogical indoctrination in Romanian education system. Starting from two theoretical models of school indoctrination, we elaborated a self-report questionnaire, describing three dimensions and 17 behaviours that reflect indoctrinative teaching situations. 260 subjects, 171 undergraduate pre-service teachers and 89 in-service teachers from the North-Eastern region of Romania participated in the study. The results indicate that both in-service teachers and pre-service teachers acknowledge the existence of indoctrination in schools, yet the phenomenon is not perceived as widespread. However, further statistical analyse reveal significant difference between pre-service and in-service teachers’ perception about behavioural and dimensional indoctrinative teaching and learning. The age, the faculty profile and the residence add significant information about subjects’ representation of indoctrinative teaching in Romanian school system. Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.

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