Experimental evidence for a motivational origin of cognitive impairment in major depression

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Scheurich ◽  
A. Fellgiebel ◽  
I. Schermuly ◽  
S. Bauer ◽  
R. Wölfges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Word Fluency ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
And Control

BackgroundDiagnostic criteria and empirical evidence support the existence of cognitive deficits in depression. However, depressed mood, loss of interest and low self-efficacy might influence cognitive performance.MethodGoal-setting instructions were used to promote motivation in depressed patients and control subjects during neuropsychological assessment. The resulting performance was compared with performance using standard instructions. Sixty in-patients with non-psychotic unipolar depression and 60 age- and education-matched healthy control subjects were assessed with standard neuropsychological tests [the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), the Digit Symbol Test (DST), the Regensburg Word Fluency Test (RWT), and the Number Combination Test (Zahlen-Verbindungs-Test, ZVT)] using either goal-setting or standard test instructions.ResultsDepressed patients showed lower baseline performance and lower generalized self-efficacy (p<0.0005) than controls. However, goal-setting instructions significantly improved patients' memory performance by 10% [AVLT:F(5, 54)=3.611,p=0.007] and psychomotor performance by 13% [ZVT:F(3, 56)=3.667,p=0.017]. Consequently, patients and control subjects demonstrated similar results when goal-setting instructions were applied. Goal-setting instructions showed a statistical trend, increasing patients' performance in the DST by 12% [F(1, 58)=2.990,p=0.089], although their verbal fluency measured by the RWT did not increase. No significant correlations of increased performance with generalized self-efficacy were found.ConclusionsCognitive deficits in depressed patients are influenced by motivational shortcomings. Because generalized self-efficacy failed to correlate to increased test performance, future research needs to disentangle the effective components of goal-setting instructions. Task-specific self-efficacy as well as enhancement of task-focused attention might underlie the significant goal-setting effect in depressed patients.

Neuropsychological impairment in candidates for cardiac surgery

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 480-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUY VINGERHOETS ◽  
GUIDO VAN NOOTEN ◽  
CONSTANTIN JANNES
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Heart Surgery ◽  
Heart Function ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Open Heart Surgery ◽  
Depression Score ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Word Fluency

The preoperative cognitive test performance of 77 candidates for elective open-heart surgery that did not suffer from carotid artery stenosis, was compared with the performance of 37 normal controls. Multivariate analysis of variance, with state anxiety score and depression score as covariates, showed a significantly reduced cognitive performance in the surgical candidates. Post hoc analyses using univariate F tests revealed a significantly impaired word fluency, manual dexterity, verbal learning, and psychomotor speed. A stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that, besides the usual demographic factors, preoperative variables indicating a more precarious heart function also contributed significantly to the estimation of the proportion of variance of the results on several impaired cognitive tests. Future research should focus on the etiology of the cognitive impairment in cardiovascular disease. (JINS, 1997, 3, 480–484.)

scholarly journals Trust motivation: The self-regulatory processes underlying trust decisions

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 99-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa van der Werff ◽  
Alison Legood ◽  
Finian Buckley ◽  
Antoinette Weibel ◽  
David de Cremer
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Cognitive Trust ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Dynamic View ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Control

Theorizing about trust has focused predominantly on cognitive trust cues such as trustworthiness, portraying the trustor as a relatively passive observer reacting to the attributes of the other party. Using self-determination and control theories of motivation, we propose a model of trust motivation that explores the intraindividual processes involved in the volitional aspects of trust decision-making implied by the definition of trust as a willingness to be vulnerable. We distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of trust and propose a two-phase model of trust goal setting and trust regulation. Our model offers a dynamic view of the trusting process and a framework for understanding how trust cognition, affect and behavior interact over time. Furthermore, we discuss how trust goals may be altered or abandoned via a feedback loop during the trust regulation process. We conclude with a discussion of potential implications for existing theory and future research.

Achievement, Attributions, Self-Efficacy, and Goal Setting by Accounting Undergraduates

2010 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pi-Yueh Cheng ◽  
Wen-Bin Chiou
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Achievement Goals ◽  
Junior College ◽  
Achievement Test ◽  
Proficiency Tests ◽  
Subsequent Test ◽  
Accounting Practice ◽  
Achievement Attributions

Correlations were examined between two measures of accounting self-efficacy, achievement goal setting, attributions, and scores on the Accounting Practice Achievement Test, obtained 1 yr. apart for 124 freshmen in junior college. Analysis indicated favorable attribution contributed to a higher mean score on accounting self-efficacy. Students with higher perceived self-efficacy performed better on the proficiency tests. Those with higher self-efficacy also set higher goals for subsequent achievement tests. Moreover, students who set higher achievement goals performed better. Goal setting mediated the relation of initial self-efficacy with subsequent test performance. However, the amount of variance accounted for by self-efficacy was small. An effective method for enhancing performance on an accounting achievement test might be to increase beneficial attributions, self-efficacy in accounting, and to encourage setting reasonable achievement goals.

CSF Somatostatin in alzheimer's disease, depressed patients, and control subjects

1988 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 710-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth L. Davis ◽  
Michael Davidson ◽  
Ren-Kui Yang ◽  
Bonnie M. Davis ◽  
Larry J. Siever ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
And Control

Goal Setting and Control Theory: Implications for Job Search

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary P. Latham ◽  
Mary B. Mawritz ◽  
Edwin A. Locke
Keyword(s):  
Control Theory ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Job Seekers ◽  
Behavioral Sciences ◽  
And Control

The benefit of using theories in the behavioral sciences for job search is that they facilitate predicting, explaining, and influencing behavior. This chapter compares and contrasts two such theories, namely, goal setting and control theory. Empirical research, emanating from these two theories on job search, is reviewed. The chapter closes with a checklist for job seekers and suggestions for future research.

Nocturnal catecholamines and immune function in insomniacs, depressed patients, and control subjects

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Irwin ◽  
Camellia Clark ◽  
Brian Kennedy ◽  
J Christian Gillin ◽  
Michael Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
And Control

The Effects of Self-Efficacy and Goal Setting on Bowling Performance

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ann Boyce ◽  
Sarah M. Bingham
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Marginal Improvement ◽  
And Control ◽  
Better Than

The present study investigated the effect of three goal-setting groups (self-set, assigned, and control) and three levels of self-efficacy (low, medium, and high) on bowling performance of college students (N = 288). The performance/retention trials were analyzed in a 3 × 2 × 10 (Goal Conditions × Self-Efficacy Levels × Trials) ANCOVA design, with repeated measures on the last factor and baseline performance as the covariate. Results of the data analysis revealed a significant main effect for self-efficacy (SE) levels for males and females. Individuals at high and medium SE levels performed significantly better than those at a low SE level. The nonsignificant main effect for goal groups was attributed to the spontaneous goal-setting behavior of the control group. Finally, there was a main effect for trials and planned comparisons indicated that as trials progressed female students improved. Evidence of a performance plateau was present for male students, as they showed marginal improvement across trials.

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