scholarly journals Criteria of validity in experimental psychopathology: application to models of anxiety and depression

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 2241-2244 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Vervliet ◽  
F. Raes
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Diagnostic Validity ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Behavioral Models ◽  
Experimental Psychopathology ◽  
Novel Drug

The modeling of abnormal behavior in ‘normal’ subjects (often animals) has a long history in pharmacological research for the screening of novel drug compounds. Systematic criteria have been outlined in that literature to estimate the external validity of a model, that is to estimate how closely the model is linked to the disorder of interest. Experimental psychopathology (EPP) also uses behavioral models to study the psychological processes that underlie abnormal behavior. Although EPP researchers may occasionally feel uneasy about the validity of the model that they use, the issue has not received direct attention in this literature. Here, we review the criteria of validity as set out in pharmacology research (face, predictive and construct validity) and discuss their relevance for EPP research. Furthermore, we propose diagnostic validity as an additional criterion of external validity that is relevant to EPP research. We evaluate two models for the study of anxiety and depression, and show that they have good face, diagnostic and construct validity. However, EPP research generally lacks direct tests of predictive validity. We conclude that combined evaluations of predictive, diagnostic and construct validity provide a sound basis to infer the external validity of behavioral models in EPP research.

Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Abdominal Bloating

1993 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 475-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Yung Song ◽  
Harold Merskey ◽  
Stephen Sullivan ◽  
Sam Noh
Keyword(s):  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Childhood Experience ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Abdominal Bloating ◽  
Significant Difference

Eighteen patients with a syndrome of abdominal bloating and discomfort were examined to explore the relationship between their symptoms and their emotional problems. They were compared with 33 patients with Crohn's disease and 38 normal, healthy volunteers. Using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, patients with bloating were found to resemble patients with Crohn's disease. Both groups showed increased anxiety and depression. After controlling for age, sex, education, occupation, personality variables and childhood experience, there was a trend towards more anxiety in the bloating group compared with normal subjects and a significant difference for depression. These characteristics appear to be related to the effects of the illness or to selection, but not to personality or childhood experience. Although psychiatric problems are common among patients with abdominal bloating and pain who stay in touch with a clinic, they are not the primary cause of the disorder.

scholarly journals A Research Pathway for Experimental Psychopathology: The Role of External Validity Criteria

2017 ◽  
Vol a4 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham C L Davey
Keyword(s):  
External Validity ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Experimental Psychopathology ◽  
Clinical Disorders ◽  
Psychological Models ◽  
Validity Criteria ◽  
Psychological Knowledge ◽  
Healthy Participants

This paper outlines a putative pathway for experimental psychopathology research developing psychological models of clinical disorders. The pathway uses established external validity criteria to define the pathway and clarifies the important role that research conducted on healthy participants can play in our understanding of clinical disorders. Defining a research pathway for experimental psychopathology in this way has a number of benefits It would (1) make explicit the need to address the external validity of developed models, (2) provide a clear set of criteria that would be required to extend research on healthy individuals to diagnostic populations, and (3) recommend using general psychological knowledge when developing models of psychopathology.

Reliability and Validity A Quick Review

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 775-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Fitzner
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Diabetes Education ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Management Training ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Validity Testing ◽  
Education Practice ◽  
Rigorous Testing ◽  
Diabetes Educators

The purpose of this article is to provide a brief review of reliability and validity testing. These concepts are important to researchers who are choosing techniques and/or developing tools that will be applied and evaluated in diabetes education practice. Several types of reliability and validity testing are defined, and an easy-to-use check sheet is provided for research purposes. Following testing for the basic aspects of reliability and validity such as face and construct validity, a tool may be appropriate for use in practice settings. Those conducting comprehensive outcomes evaluations, however, may desire additional validation such as testing for external validity. Diabetes educators can and should incorporate rigorous testing for these important aspects when conducting assessments of techniques and tools relating to diabetes self-management training.

scholarly journals Organizational commitment, psychometric qualities and invariance of the Meyer and Allen Questionnaire for Portuguese Nurses

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Neves ◽  
João Graveto ◽  
Victor Rodrigues ◽  
João Marôco ◽  
Pedro Parreira
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Factorial Structure ◽  
Portuguese Version ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Specification Search ◽  
Confirmatory Analysis

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the psychometric qualities of the Portuguese version of the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire for the nursing context, through confirmatory analysis and invariance, aiming to evaluate the reliability, internal consistency, construct validity and external validity of the instrument. Method: confirmatory factor analysis of the Portuguese version of the questionnaire was carried out with a sample of 850 nurses, in hospital context. The analysis was complemented using specification search. Goodness of fit was evaluated through different indices. Reliability, internal consistency and construct validity were estimated. The invariance of the model was evaluated in two subsamples of the same sample, in order to confirm the external validity of the factorial solution. Results: the refined model demonstrated good overall fit (χ2/df=6.37; CFI=0.91; GFI=0.92; RMSEA=0.08; MECVI=0.62). The factorial structure was stable (λ:Δχ2(14)=18.31; p=0;193; Intercepts: Δχ2(14)=22.29; p=0.073; Covariance: Δχ2(3)=6.01; p=0.111; Residuals: Δχ2(15)=22.44; p=0.097). Conclusion: the simplified model of the questionnaire demonstrated adequate goodness of fit, representing a stable factorial solution. The instrument was fit to monitor and evaluate the organizational commitment of Portuguese nurses.

scholarly journals Validez de constructo interna y externa del AGQ y PTEGQ en español

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 626
Author(s):  
Francisco Ruiz-Juan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Achievement Goals ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Motivational Climate ◽  
Psychometric Tests ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Perceived Motivational Climate

The objective is to analyze the psychometric properties of Achievement Goals Questionnaire (AGQ) and Perceptions of Teachers' Emphasis on Goals Questionnaire (PTEGQ) in Spanish, determining the reliability and construct validity and external validity by understanding that achievement goals and perceived motivational climate in physical education may predict intrinsic motivation and satisfaction in those subjects who exercise at leisure time regularly. Psychometric tests confirm PTEGQ and AGQ have four dimensions that are hypothesized from the original one. It has proved the structural supporting hypothesis that it is based on the principle of compatibility. It has also been demonstrated construct validity and external validity as achievement goals and perceived motivational climate in physical education may predict intrinsic motivation and satisfaction in active subjects. Its reliability has been acceptable

scholarly journals Model of reticuloendothelial iron metabolism in humans: abnormal behavior in idiopathic hemochromatosis and in inflammation

Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 844-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Fillet ◽  
Y Beguin ◽  
L Baldelli
Keyword(s):  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Heme Iron ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Early Release ◽  
Iron Stores ◽  
Idiopathic Hemochromatosis

Abstract Iron transport in the reticuloendothelial (RE) system plays a central role in iron metabolism, but its regulation has not been characterized physiologically in vivo in humans. In particular, why serum iron is elevated and RE cells are much less iron-loaded than parenchymal cells in idiopathic hemochromatosis is not known. The processing of erythrocyte iron by the RE system was studied after intravenous (IV) injection of 59Fe heat-damaged RBCs (HDRBCs) and 55Fe transferrin in normal subjects and in patients with iron deficiency, idiopathic hemochromatosis, inflammation, marrow aplasia, or hyperplastic erythropoiesis. Early release of 59Fe by the RE system was calculated from the plasma iron turnover and the 59Fe plasma reappearance curve. Late release was calculated from the ratio of 59Fe/55Fe RBC utilization in 2 weeks. The partitioning of iron between the early (release from heme catabolism) and late (release from RE stores) phases depended on the size of RE iron stores, as illustrated by the inverse relationship observed between early release and plasma ferritin (P less than .001). There was a strong correlation between early release and the rate of change of serum iron levels during the first three hours in normal subjects (r = .85, P less than .001). Inflammation produced a blockade of the early release phase, whereas in idiopathic hemochromatosis early release was considerably increased as compared with subjects with similar iron stores. Based on these results, we describe a model of RE iron metabolism in humans. We conclude that the RE system appears to determine the diurnal fluctuations in serum iron levels through variations in the immediate output of heme iron. In idiopathic hemochromatosis, a defect of the RE cell in withholding iron freed from hemoglobin could be responsible for the high serum iron levels and low RE iron stores.

The Relevance of Cognitive Behavioral Models of Post-Traumatic Stress Following Child Maltreatment: A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Wiseman ◽  
Catherine Hamilton-Giachritsis ◽  
Rachel M. Hiller
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Behavioral Models ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Trauma Memory ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Models ◽  
And Coping

While it is known that young people exposed to maltreatment or abuse are at elevated risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), much of our current knowledge of mechanisms that link trauma to childhood PTSD is based on single-incident, often noninterpersonal, trauma. Theoretical models highlight psychological processes of appraisals, memory, and coping as important for the development of PTSD. The aim of this review was to synthesize the literature on the role of these key psychological processes in relation to PTSD in maltreated children and teens. Studies were included if they (1) identified a sample of maltreated individuals, ≤18 years old; (2) measured (a) trauma memory, (b) appraisals, or (c) post-trauma cognitive or behavioral responses; and (3) measured PTSD symptoms. The systematic search of three electronic databases (American Psychological Association PsychNet, PubMed, and Published International Literature on Traumatic Stress) resulted in the inclusion of 36 papers, which described 31 studies and 33 unique samples. The review found cognitive behavioral models of PTSD appeared appropriate for understanding outcomes following maltreatment, but further research is needed on all processes, particularly trauma memory. Overall, there remain significant gaps in our knowledge of how psychological processes link maltreatment to PTSD. There is limited evidence concerning how maltreatment-related characteristics (e.g., chronicity, duration, and type of abuse) influence psychological processes and in turn affect outcomes. This review recommends further research in this area and suggests that, at the very least, comprehensive assessment should be conducted with all young people reporting maltreatment to identify appraisals and coping strategies that will potentially impact on their ongoing adjustment.

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