scholarly journals Affective modulation of the startle response among children at high and low risk for anxiety disorders

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 2647-2656 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kujawa ◽  
C. R. Glenn ◽  
G. Hajcak ◽  
D. N. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Startle Response ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Parental Psychopathology ◽  
Affective Modulation ◽  
Early Markers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Picture Viewing ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Development Of Anxiety

BackgroundIdentifying early markers of risk for anxiety disorders in children may aid in understanding underlying mechanisms and informing prevention efforts. Affective modulation of the startle response indexes sensitivity to pleasant and unpleasant environmental contexts and has been shown to relate to anxiety, yet the extent to which abnormalities in affect-modulated startle reflect vulnerability for anxiety disorders in children has yet to be examined. The current study assessed the effects of parental psychopathology on affective modulation of startle in offspring.MethodNine-year-old children (n = 144) with no history of anxiety or depressive disorders completed a passive picture viewing task in which eye-blink startle responses were measured during the presentation of pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant images.ResultsMaternal anxiety was associated with distinct patterns of affective modulation of startle in offspring, such that children with maternal histories of anxiety showed potentiation of the startle response while viewing unpleasant images, but not attenuation during pleasant images, whereas children with no maternal history of anxiety exhibited attenuation of the startle response during pleasant images, but did not exhibit unpleasant potentiation – even when controlling for child symptoms of anxiety and depression. No effects of maternal depression or paternal psychopathology were observed.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that both enhanced startle responses in unpleasant conditions and failure to inhibit startle responses in pleasant conditions may reflect early emerging vulnerabilities that contribute to the later development of anxiety disorders.

scholarly journals Psychiatric history and subthreshold symptoms as predictors of the occurrence of depressive or anxiety disorder within 2 years

2011 ◽  
Vol 198 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Karsten ◽  
Catharina A. Hartman ◽  
Johannes H. Smit ◽  
Frans G. Zitman ◽  
Aartjan T. F. Beekman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Self Report ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression

BackgroundPast episodes of depressive or anxiety disorders and subthreshold symptoms have both been reported to predict the occurrence of depressive or anxiety disorders. It is unclear to what extent the two factors interact or predict these disorders independently.AimsTo examine the extent to which history, subthreshold symptoms and their combination predict the occurrence of depressive (major depressive disorder, dysthymia) or anxiety disorders (social phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalised anxiety disorder) over a 2-year period.MethodThis was a prospective cohort study with 1167 participants: the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Anxiety and depressive disorders were determined with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, subthreshold symptoms were determined with the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology–Self Report and the Beck Anxiety Inventory.ResultsOccurrence of depressive disorder was best predicted by a combination of a history of depression and subthreshold symptoms, followed by either one alone. Occurrence of anxiety disorder was best predicted by both a combination of a history of anxiety disorder and subthreshold symptoms and a combination of a history of depression and subthreshold symptoms, followed by any subthreshold symptoms or a history of any disorder alone.ConclusionsA history and subthreshold symptoms independently predicted the subsequent occurrence of depressive or anxiety disorder. Together these two characteristics provide reasonable discriminative value. Whereas anxiety predicted the occurrence of an anxiety disorder only, depression predicted the occurrence of both depressive and anxiety disorders.

scholarly journals Mediation model of comorbid anxiety disorders in late-life depression

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chawisa Suradom ◽  
Nahathai Wongpakaran ◽  
Tinakon Wongpakaran ◽  
Peerasak Lerttrakarnnon ◽  
Surin Jiraniramai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric History ◽  
Depression Severity ◽  
Late Life Depression ◽  
Comorbid Anxiety ◽  
History Of ◽  
Family History Of Depression ◽  
History Of Depression

Abstract Background A number of studies have been conducted on risk factors of comorbid anxiety disorders regarding late-life depression (LLD). This study investigated the associated factors and their relationship to comorbid anxiety disorders in LLD. Methods Participants included 190 elderly Thais (73.2% female, with a mean age of 68.39 ± 6.74 years) with depressive disorders, diagnosed according to DSM-IV Diagnosis Axis I disorders assessed by Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Demographic data, medical and psychiatric history, family psychiatric history, past depression, family history of depression, Neuroticism Inventory and 7-Item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-7) were analyzed for path analysis using Structural Equation Model framework. The bootstrapping method was used for testing indirect effects. Results Being female was associated with comorbid anxiety disorders with an indirect effect (β = − 0.032, P = 0.018) through neuroticism, depression severity, history and family history of depression. Family history of depression had no effect on comorbidity (P = 0.090). Neuroticism had an indirect effect on comorbid anxiety disorders (β = 0.075, P = 0.019) via depression severity as reflected by HAMD-7 score (β = 0.412, P =  < 0.001). Total variance explained from this model was 11%. This model had good-fit index with Chi-square > 0.05, CFI and TLI > 0.95 and RMSEA < 0.06. Conclusion Neuroticism mediates the effect of relationship between sex, family history and history of depressive disorders and comorbid anxiety disorders in LLD. Moreover, depression severity is a mediator for neuroticism and comorbid anxiety disorders. Longitudinal studies are warranted to indicate the importance of effective treatment of depression to lower the risk of developing comorbid anxiety disorders among depressed elderly.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladan Starcevic, MD, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Pathological Worry ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Chronic Anxiety

The main characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are chronic pathological worry, other manifestations of nonphobic anxiety, and various symptoms of tension. Physical symptoms of anxiety are usually less prominent in GAD than in panic disorder, but they can still be an important component of clinical presentation. Behaviors that are often seen in other anxiety disorders, such as overt avoidance, are conspicuously absent. Unlike all other anxiety disorders, it is more likely for GAD in clinical setting to co-occur with a primary condition for which help has been sought–usually depression or other anxiety disorder–than to be the main reason for seeking professional help. Generalized anxiety disorder is one of the more controversial members of the family of anxiety disorders: it seems that almost every aspect of GAD has provoked debates that do not show signs of abating. Paradox, disagreement, debate, and controversy are the words most commonly associated with GAD. It is small wonder then that the list of ‘‘hot topics’’ related to GAD could be very long indeed. Listed below is a selection of issues thought to represent adequately a more comprehensive list…. 1. What are the characteristic features of GAD that would help in its conceptualization? Pathological worry, other cognitive aspects of anxiety, manifestations of tension, and/or (some) symptoms of autonomic arousal? What combination of these features would ensure that GAD is diagnosed adequately and recognized in clinical practice? 2. What is the relationship between pathological worry and GAD? 3. How can different views on what constitutes the essence of GAD be reconciled? Is GAD a single entity or are there two or more ‘‘types’’ of GAD with distinct clinical characteristics? 4. How is GAD related to depressive disorders, other anxiety disorders, and personality disturbance? Where are its boundaries? In view of its close relationship with depression, should GAD be classified along with depression and perhaps renamed accordingly? 5. Can GAD exist on its own, without depression or other anxiety disorders? What could be features specific enough for GAD that would allow it to establish itself as an independent and valid psychopathological and diagnostic entity? 6. What are the pathophysiological correlates of pathological worry and other aspects of chronic anxiety in GAD? 7. What are the underlying mechanisms and purpose of pathological worry in GAD? What is the meaning of chronic anxiety?

McLean Hospital Depression Research Facility: early-onset phobic disorders and adult-onset major depression

1998 ◽  
Vol 173 (S34) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Schatzberg ◽  
J. A. Samson ◽  
A. J. Rothschild ◽  
T. C. Bond ◽  
D. A. Regier
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Current Prevalence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean

Background This study explores the temporal relationship between anxiety and major depressive disorders in a cohort of patients with current major depression.Method Current prevalence and lifetime history of specific anxiety disorders were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–III–R Diagnosis (SCID–P) in 85 patients with DSM–III–R major depression. Consensus DSM–III–R diagnoses were assigned by at least two psychiatrists or psychologists.Results Twenty-nine per cent met criteria for at least one current anxiety disorder and 34% had at least one anxiety disorder at some point in their lives. The mean (s.d.) age of onset of anxiety disorder in the depressed patients with comorbid social or simple phobia (15 (9) years) was significantly younger than was that of their major depression (25 (9) years). In contrast, the mean (s.d.) age of onset of anxiety in patients with comorbid panic or OCD (20 (8) years) was similar to that seen for their major depression (21 (9) years). In patients with major depression with comorbid anxiety disorders, both the social phobia (10 of 13) and simple phobia (4 of 4) were more commonly reported to start at least two years prior to their major depression in contrast to depressives with comorbid panic (3 of 10 subjects) – Fisher's exact test, P=0.01.Conclusions Early-onset social and simple phobias appear to be risk factors for later onset of major depression.

scholarly journals Study-protocol of the COMPARE-Interaction study: The impact of maternal comorbid depression and anxiety disorders in the peripartum period on child development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Lena Zietlow ◽  
Christian Franz Josef Woll ◽  
Nora Nonnenmacher ◽  
Mitho Müller ◽  
Verena Labonte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Parental Psychopathology ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Comorbid Anxiety ◽  
Maternity Hospitals ◽  
The Impact

Introduction:To date, there are only few studies which compare the consequences of peripartum maternal depressive disorders (PD) versus depressive with comorbid anxiety disorders (PDCA) for infant and child development. As comorbidity is associated with greater impairment and symptom severity related to the primary diagnosis, comorbidity in mothers might raise their offspring’s risk of developing internalizing or externalizing disorders even more than has been noted in conjunction with PD alone.Methods and analysis:This study aims to analyse the impact of parental psychopathology, particularly peripartum depression in mothers with and without comorbid anxiety disorders according to DSM-5, on child cognitive and socio-emotional development. Maternal/paternal psychopathology, mother/father-infant-interaction, and child development are assessed at four measurement points over the first 2 years (T1: 3–4 months postpartum, T2: 12 months postpartum, T3: 18 months postpartum, and T4: 24 months postpartum). The mediating role of mother/father-infant-interaction and infant stress reactivity in the relationship between PD/PDCA and infant cognitive and socio-emotional development will be analysed.In the ongoing study N=174 families (n=58 mothers with PD, n=58 mothers with PDCA, and n=58 healthy controls) will be recruited in inpatient and outpatient centres as well as maternity hospitals in Munich and Heidelberg.

Profiles of Psychosocial and Clinical Functioning in Adolescence and Risk for Later Depression

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M Olino ◽  
Daniel Klein ◽  
John Seeley
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Adolescent Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Predictive Utility ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression

Background: Most studies examining predictors of onset of depression focus on variable centered regression methods that focus on effects of multiple predictors. In contrast, person-centered approaches develop profiles of factors and these profiles can be examined as predictors of onset. Here, we developed profiles of adolescent psychosocial and clinical functioning among adolescents without a history of major depression. Methods: Data come from a subsample of participants from the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project who completed self-report measures of functioning in adolescence and completed diagnostic and self-report measures at follow-up assessments up to approximately 15 years after baseline. Results: We identified four profiles of psychosocial and clinical functioning: Thriving; Average Functioning; Externalizing Vulnerability and Family Stress; and Internalizing Vulnerability at the baseline assessment of participants without a history of depression at the initial assessment in mid- adolescence. Classes differed in the likelihood of onset and course of depressive disorders, experience of later anxiety and substance use disorders, and psychosocial functioning in adulthood. Moreover, the predictive utility of these classes was maintained when controlling for multiple other established risk factors for depressive disorders. Conclusions: This work highlights the utility of examining multiple factors simultaneously to understand risk for depression.

Dispositional negativity, cognition, and anxiety disorders: An integrative translational neuroscience framework

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juyoen Hur ◽  
Melissa D. Stockbridge ◽  
Andrew S. Fox ◽  
Alexander J. Shackman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Translational Neuroscience ◽  
Adult Personality ◽  
Fundamental Dimension ◽  
To Come ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

When extreme, anxiety can become debilitating. Anxiety disorders, which often first emerge early in development, are common and challenging to treat, yet the underlying mechanisms have only recently begun to come into focus. Here, we review new insights into the nature and biological bases of dispositional negativity, a fundamental dimension of childhood temperament and adult personality and a prominent risk factor for the development of pediatric and adult anxiety disorders. Converging lines of epidemiological, neurobiological, and mechanistic evidence suggest that dispositional negativity increases the likelihood of psychopathology via specific neurocognitive mechanisms, including attentional biases to threat and deficits in executive control. Collectively, these observations provide an integrative translational framework for understanding the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders in adults and youth and set the stage for developing improved intervention strategies.

Neurosurgery for obsessive-compulsive disorder, other anxiety disorders and depressive disorders

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
David MB Christmas ◽  
Ian Crombie ◽  
Sam Eljamel ◽  
Naomi Fineberg ◽  
Bob MacVicar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

Anxiety disorders and substance abuse

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S384-S384
Author(s):  
I. Prieto Sánchez ◽  
M.D.L.C. Ramírez Domínguez ◽  
S. Fernández León ◽  
M. Reina Domínguez ◽  
N. Garrido Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Dual Diagnosis ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
History Of ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Substance Disorder

IntroductionPatients with anxiety disorders are more vulnerable to develop other comorbid conditions. In particular, large epidemiological studies show a strong association between different anxiety disorders and substance use disorders.ObjectivesTo show the prevalence of major anxiety disorders and the consumption of different substances. As well as the particular characteristics of this dual diagnosis and treatments that have proven more effective.MethodsExhaustive review of all the material published on this topic in the recent years.ConclusionsNearly 24% of patients with anxiety disorder suffer from a comorbid substance disorder use in their lifetime (17.9% diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence diagnosis and 11.9% of abuse or dependence on other drugs). Dual patients show a number of distinctive features, such as more frequency in males, family history of alcohol or other substances abuse and behavioral problems, early parental loss among others.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Comorbid Depressive Disorders in Epilepsy

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (S4) ◽  
pp. 3-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres M. Kanner ◽  
Andrew J. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Room ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Clonic Seizure ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Abnormal Signal ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Right ◽  
History Of Depression

A 27-year-old woman presented to the emergency room after having witnessed generalized tonic clonic seizure while asleep. Birth and development were normal. She had suffered a single febrile seizure at 13 months of age, but had no other seizure risk factors. She was otherwise well except for a history of depression for which she was taking sertraline. Depressive symptoms had been well controlled over the past 3 months, but she had been under increased stress working to finish a doctoral thesis. Neurological examination was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed modest asymmetry of the hippocampi, slightly smaller on the right, but no abnormal signal and well-preserved laminar anatomy. An electroencephalogram was negative. She was discharged from the emergency room with no treatment. Three weeks later, the patient's boyfriend witnessed an episode of behavioral arrest with lip smacking and swallowing automatisms lasting 45 seconds, after which the patient was confused for 20–30 minutes. The next morning she and her boyfriend kept a previously scheduled appointment with a neurologist.

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