scholarly journals Early detection of Alzheimer's disease using the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG)

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. SCHMAND ◽  
G. WALSTRA ◽  
J. LINDEBOOM ◽  
S. TEUNISSE ◽  
C. JONKER
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Dementia Screening ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Cognitively Intact ◽  
Better Than

Background. Dementia screening instruments, such as the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG), measure a variety of cognitive functions. However, memory impairment generally is the first sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It seems logical, therefore, to use only memory-related items for the early detection of AD. We divided the CAMCOG into a memory section and a non-memory section, and tested the hypothesis that the memory section predicts AD better than the non-memory section. We also provide normative data for both sections.Methods. Normal subjects (N = 169) and patients with incident AD (i.e. satisfying AD criteria between 1 and 3 years from baseline; N = 25) were participants in the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL), a population-based longitudinal study on cognitive decline and dementia. Patients with prevalent AD (i.e. satisfying AD criteria at baseline; N = 155) were either recruited in a memory clinic or came from AMSTEL. Normal subjects were cognitively intact at baseline and remained so for at least 3 years. The CAMCOG was administered to all subjects. AD was diagnosed by DSM-III-R criteria.Results. Logistic regression analysis showed that the memory section was related to prevalent AD, whereas in multivariate analysis the non-memory section was not (after correction for the memory score and demographic characteristics). A similar analysis showed that the memory section predicted incident AD, as did a higher score on the non-memory section. The MMSE did not predict incident AD better than age alone.Conclusion. For the early detection of AD it is best to use the memory and non-memory sections separately instead of the total CAMCOG score.

An Informant Questionnaire for Detecting Alzheimer's Disease: Are Some Items Better Than Others?

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 674-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sietske A.M. Sikkes ◽  
Dirk L. Knol ◽  
Mark T. van den Berg ◽  
Elly S.M. de Lange-de Klerk ◽  
Philip Scheltens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Better Than

AbstractA decline in everyday cognitive functioning is important for diagnosing dementia. Informant questionnaires, such as the informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly (IQCODE), are used to measure this. Previously, conflicting results on the IQCODEs ability to discriminate between Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and cognitively healthy elderly were found. We aim to investigate whether specific groups of items are more useful than others in discriminating between these patient groups. Informants of 180 AD, 59 MCI, and 89 patients with subjective memory complaints (SMC) completed the IQCODE. To investigate the grouping of questionnaire items, we used a two-dimensional graded response model (GRM).The association between IQCODE, age, gender, education, and diagnosis was modeled using structural equation modeling. The GRM with two groups of items fitted better than the unidimensional model. However, the high correlation between the dimensions (r=.90) suggested unidimensionality. The structural model showed that the IQCODE was able to differentiate between all patient groups. The IQCODE can be considered as unidimensional and as a useful addition to diagnostic screening in a memory clinic setting, as it was able to distinguish between AD, MCI, and SMC and was not influenced by gender or education. (JINS, 2011, 17, 674–681)

Flavonoids with Potential Anti-Amyloidogenic Effects as Therapeutic Drugs for Treating Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Qixin Wang ◽  
Xiaofang Dong ◽  
Ran Zhang ◽  
Changqi Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Amyloid Β Protein ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Dementia Patients

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a central neurodegenerative disease generally among the elderly; it accounts for approximately 50–75%of total cases of dementia patients and poses a serious threat to physical and mental health. Currently available treatments for AD mainly relieves its symptoms, and effective therapy is urgently needed. Deposition of amyloid-β protein in the brain is an early and invariant neuropathological feature of AD. Currently the main efforts in developing anti-AD drugs focus on anti-amyloidogenic therapeutics that prevent amyloid-β production or aggregation and decrease the occurrence of neurotoxic events. The results of an increasing number of studies suggest that natural extracts and phytochemicals have a positive impact on brain aging. Flavonoids belong to the broad group of polyphenols and recent data indicate a favorable effect of flavonoids on brain aging. In this review, we collect relevant discoveries from 1999 to 2021, discuss 75 flavonoids that effectively influence AD pathogenesis, and summarize their functional mechanisms in detail. The data we have reviewed show that, these flavonoids belong to various subclasses, including flavone, flavanone, biflavone, etc. Our results provide a reference for further study of the effects of flavonoids on AD and the progress of anti-AD therapy.

Population-based study of the prevalence and presentation of dementia in adults with Down's syndrome

1998 ◽  
Vol 172 (6) ◽  
pp. 493-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Holland ◽  
Johnny Hon ◽  
Felicia A. Huppert ◽  
Fran Stevens ◽  
Peter Watson
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Down's Syndrome ◽  
Down’S Syndrome ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Living Skills

BackgroundThe reported prevalence rates of dementia in people with Down's syndrome have varied considerably across studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of clinical change with age using an established diagnostic instrument in an unbiased, population-based sample of older people with Down's syndrome.MethodChanges in memory, personality, general mental functioning and daily living skills were assessed using a modified version of the informant interview of the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly (CAMDEX).ResultsAge-specific prevalence rates of dementia varied according to the diagnostic criteria used. Using CAMDEX criteria for Alzheimer's disease, prevalence rates increased from 3.4 to 10.3 to 40% in the 30–39, 40–49 and 50–59 age group, respectively.ConclusionsOverall, the age-related pattern of presentation and dementia diagnoses differs from that seen in the general elderly population. However, age-specific prevalence rates of Alzheimer's disease were similar but 30–40 years earlier in life.

Estimation of the risk of conversion of mild cognitive impairment of Alzheimer type to Alzheimer's disease in a south Brazilian population-based elderly cohort: the PALA study

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 674-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudia Godinho ◽  
Ana Luiza Camozzato ◽  
Diego Onyszko ◽  
Márcia Lorena Chaves
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Alzheimer Type ◽  
Risk Of Progression ◽  
Elderly Cohort ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cognitively Intact

ABSTRACTBackground: Higher mild cognitive impairment (MCI) prognostic variability has been related to sample characteristics (community-based or specialized clinic) and to diverse operationalization criteria. The aim of the study was to evaluate the trajectory of MCI of Alzheimer type in a population-based elderly cohort in Southern Brazil. We also estimated the risk for the development of probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) in comparison with healthy subjects.Methods: Data were derived from a population-based cohort (the PALA study). MCI outcomes were sub-classified into three categories: conversion, stabilization, and reconversion. The risk of progression to dementia was compared between MCI and normal participants. The analysis was based on 21 MCI subjects and 220 cognitively intact participants (N = 241).Results: Of the 21 MCI subjects, 38% developed dementia, 24% remained stable and 38% improved. The MCI annual conversion rate to AD was 8.5%. MCI was associated with significantly higher risk of conversion to AD (HR = 49.83, p = 0.004), after adjustment for age, education, sex and Mini-Mental State Examination score.Conclusions: Independent of the heterogeneity of the outcomes, MCI of the Alzheimer type participants showed significantly higher risk of developing probable AD, demonstrating the impact of the use of these MCI criteria that emphasize long-term episodic memory impairment.

Alzheimer’s Disease

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Steinberg
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Physical Burden ◽  
Degenerative Dementia ◽  
Proper Diagnosis

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive degenerative dementia, causes suffering for millions of patients as well as their caregivers. Among the elderly, the prevalence of AD increases dramatically with age: it is about 5% to 7% in people 65 years of age and older and rises to 40% to 50% in those older than 90 years of age (Rabins, Lyketsos, and Steele, 1999). AD typically affects short-term memory first; over time, impairment in language, praxis, recognition, and executive function occur. In the late stages, patients become completely dependent on others. In addition to this cognitive and physical burden, psychiatric signs and symptoms are nearly universal. These psychiatric phenomena, which include depression, delusions, hallucinations, apathy, and aggression, affect as many as 90% of patients with dementia over the course of their illness (Steinberg et al., 2003). Psychiatric phenomena often present differently in patients with AD than in the population without dementia. Uncertainty remains regarding how to best classify many of these phenomena. For example, delusions can be described as occurring in isolation, or as part of a psychotic syndrome, with associated features such as irritability and agitation. Delusions can also occur as part of a depressive syndrome or delirium. Little research is currently available to guide treatment. Nevertheless, many syndromes can be accurately diagnosed and can respond to a variety of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments. Depressive phenomena are common in AD. Estimates for the prevalence of major depression in patients with AD are 20% to 25%, (Lyketsos et al., 2003). Due to their dementia, patients with AD are often poor historians. They may not be aware of Depressive phenomena or able to recall them, and their aphasia may make describing symptoms difficult. Therefore, information from a reliable caregiver is crucial for making a proper diagnosis. Depressive disorders in AD are often somewhat different from those occurring in the absence of dementia. In particular, patients with AD may not endorse hopelessness, suicidal thoughts, or worthlessness (Zubenko et al., 2003). Patients with AD, however, express symptoms such as anxiety, anhedonia, irritability, lack of motivation, and agitation (Rosenberg et al., 2005).

scholarly journals Association Between Serum Magnesium Levels and Alzheimer’s Disease or Mixed Dementia Patients: A Population-Based Retrospective Controlled Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 399-404
Author(s):  
Sara Ben Zaken ◽  
Zorian Radomysky ◽  
Gideon Koren
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Serum Magnesium ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mixed Dementia ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: High magnesium intake has been associated with a decreased risk of dementia. In contrast, other research has found that both low and high serum magnesium levels were associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease and mixed dementia. Hence, presently the role of magnesium levels in dementia is unclear. Objective: To investigate a possible association between serum magnesium concentrations and dementia in a large population-based sample. Methods: Maccabi Healthcare Service in Israel provides healthcare to over 2 million citizens. Maccabi maintains a registry with approximately 26,000 diagnosed dementia patients. We focused on patients of both sexes with Alzheimer’s disease or mixed dementia aged 65 or older, excluding patients with clinical diagnoses that could affect serum magnesium level, or with other causes of cognitive decline. Our control group consisted of patients of the same age and sex without dementia. Results: No significant differences were found in mean, mode, and median magnesium levels between the dementia and control groups. However, there were marginally but significantly more cases with low magnesium levels among dementia patients than among controls: A total of 9.4% of tests done in patients with dementia and 7.81% done in non-dementia subjects were hypomagnesemic (p <  0.00001). Conclusion: Despite similar means and medians of serum magnesium in dementia and controls, the proportion of lower than normal magnesium test results was slightly higher among dementia patients. It is possible that patients with dementia have more episodes of hypomagnesemia than controls, despite similar overall mean levels of magnesium.

Neuropsychiatric Assessment and Intervention in Alzheimer's Disease

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey L. Cummings
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
The World ◽  
Eventual Death

Dementia is a major public health problem in the United States and the world, requiring the expenditure of enormous economic and human resources. Dementia is common in the elderly, and, as the size of the aged population increases, the number of dementia victims will rise. Many dementias are fatal, producing the gradual erosion of intellectual abilities and eventual death of the patient. Demands made on family members and caregivers of dementia patients are extraordinary and often result in their emotional and financial exhaustion. Although basic science efforts are devoted to finding a cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementing illnesses, there is an urgent need for research that has immediate applicability to the 4 million current dementia patients.

scholarly journals Impaired Mitochondrial and Glycolytic Functions in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes of Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 120-120
Author(s):  
Ravindra Bharadwaj ◽  
Hayley Gibler ◽  
Sanjay Srivastava ◽  
Hena Tewari
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Cellular Bioenergetics ◽  
Systemic Nature ◽  
Systemic Defect

Abstract Recent failures of the trials targeting amyloid to treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are prompting scientists to explore other pathological pathways. Brains of AD patients have been noted to have impaired mitochondrial function. It has not yet been determined if AD is caused by a systemic defect in cellular bioenergetics. To determine the cellular bioenergetics, we compared the Oxygen Consumption Rate (OCR – indicating oxygen dependent respiration) and Extra Cellular Acidification Rate (ECAR – indicating glycolytic function) in leukocytes of collected blood samples of Alzheimer’s and non-dementia patients. Methods: After IRB approval and consents, blood samples from each clinically diagnosed Alzheimer’s and age matched normal subjects were collected. Immediately after collection the blood samples were analyzed using Agilent Seahorse XFe/XF Analyzer as per protocol by manufacturer. Results: Impaired mitochondrial and glycolytic functions were noted in Alzheimer’s patients as compared to normal subjects. OCR was significantly lower in Alzheimer’s patients. A lower rate of respiration was noted both at basal as well as maximal respiration. Reduced spare respiration capacity was also noted in response to the stressors. Similarly reduced ECAR and reduced glycolytic reserve was also noted in Alzheimer’s patients, indicating impaired oxygen independent mitochondrial respiration. Discussion: This pilot study demonstrates that there is an impaired mitochondrial and glycolytic function in the peripheral blood cells. This indicates towards a systemic nature of the disease and a potential future bio-marker. Further studies should be planned in this direction.

Best Practices in Care Management for Asian American Elders: The Case of Alzheimer’s Disease

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Arnsberger
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Care Management ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
Population Based Study

This article addresses practice concerns and special issues for professionals doing case management for older Asian Americans using Alzheimer’s disease as the case example. Highlighted are cross-cultural issues in assessment for depression in this population, as well as caregiving and community service utilization issues. The research is based on the author’s own work and the literature, as well as results from a population-based study of caregivers of the elderly in California.

Early detection of isolated memory deficits in the elderly: the need for more sensitive neuropsychological tests

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. DE JAGER ◽  
E. MILWAIN ◽  
M. BUDGE
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Memory Group

Background. Early detection of cognitive decline in the elderly is important because this may precede progression to Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study was to see whether sensitive neuropsychological tests could identify pre-clinical cognitive deficits and to characterize the cognitive profile of a subgroup with poor memory.Methods. A neuropsychological test battery was administered to a community-dwelling sample of 155 elderly volunteers who were screened with CAMCOG at enrolment (mean age 74·7 years). The battery included tests of episodic memory, semantic and working memory, language and processing speed.Results. Episodic memory test z scores below 1 S.D. from the cohort mean identified 25 subjects with ‘non-robust’ memory performance. This group was compared to the remaining ‘robust memory’ group with a General Linear Model controlling for age, IQ, education and gender. Test performance was significantly different in all tests for episodic and semantic memory, but not in tests for working memory, processing speed and language. CANTAB paired associates learning and spatial recognition tests identified the highest percentages of those in the ‘non-robust memory’ group. Processing speed partialled out the age effect on memory performance for the whole cohort, but the ‘non-robust memory’ group's performance was not associated with age or processing speed.Conclusions. Sensitive neuropsychological tests can detect performance below the norm in elderly people whose performance on MMSE and CAMCOG tests is well within the normal range. Age-related decline in memory performance in a cohort of the elderly may be largely due to inclusion within the cohort of individuals with undetected pre-clinical Alzheimer's disease or isolated memory impairment.

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