Alzheimer’s Disease

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Steinberg
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Physical Burden ◽  
Degenerative Dementia ◽  
Proper Diagnosis

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive degenerative dementia, causes suffering for millions of patients as well as their caregivers. Among the elderly, the prevalence of AD increases dramatically with age: it is about 5% to 7% in people 65 years of age and older and rises to 40% to 50% in those older than 90 years of age (Rabins, Lyketsos, and Steele, 1999). AD typically affects short-term memory first; over time, impairment in language, praxis, recognition, and executive function occur. In the late stages, patients become completely dependent on others. In addition to this cognitive and physical burden, psychiatric signs and symptoms are nearly universal. These psychiatric phenomena, which include depression, delusions, hallucinations, apathy, and aggression, affect as many as 90% of patients with dementia over the course of their illness (Steinberg et al., 2003). Psychiatric phenomena often present differently in patients with AD than in the population without dementia. Uncertainty remains regarding how to best classify many of these phenomena. For example, delusions can be described as occurring in isolation, or as part of a psychotic syndrome, with associated features such as irritability and agitation. Delusions can also occur as part of a depressive syndrome or delirium. Little research is currently available to guide treatment. Nevertheless, many syndromes can be accurately diagnosed and can respond to a variety of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments. Depressive phenomena are common in AD. Estimates for the prevalence of major depression in patients with AD are 20% to 25%, (Lyketsos et al., 2003). Due to their dementia, patients with AD are often poor historians. They may not be aware of Depressive phenomena or able to recall them, and their aphasia may make describing symptoms difficult. Therefore, information from a reliable caregiver is crucial for making a proper diagnosis. Depressive disorders in AD are often somewhat different from those occurring in the absence of dementia. In particular, patients with AD may not endorse hopelessness, suicidal thoughts, or worthlessness (Zubenko et al., 2003). Patients with AD, however, express symptoms such as anxiety, anhedonia, irritability, lack of motivation, and agitation (Rosenberg et al., 2005).

scholarly journals ERP C250 shows the elderly (cognitively normal, Alzheimer’s disease) store more stimuli in short-term memory than Young Adults do

2016 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 2423-2435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Chapman ◽  
Margaret N. Gardner ◽  
Mark Mapstone ◽  
Rafael Klorman ◽  
Anton P. Porsteinsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cognitively Normal ◽  
Term Memory

scholarly journals Validity and reliability of the screening test for Alzheimer's disease with proverbs (STADP) for the elderly

2009 ◽  
Vol 67 (3b) ◽  
pp. 836-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricéa Tabosa Ferreira Santos ◽  
Everton Botelho Sougey ◽  
João Carlos Alchieri
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Early Evaluation

The prevalence Alzheimer's disease with age compromises memory, language, executive functions, constructive praxis and abstraction, requiring early evaluation with standardized tests. OBJECTIVE: To validate the Screening Test for Alzheimer's Disease with Proverbs (STADP), elaborated using pieces from the proverb memory game. METHOD: The test contains three stages (A: short-term memory, B: executive functions and language and C: episodic memory). The sample consisted of 91 elderly individuals with minimum age of 60 years and one year of schooling, CDR of one or zero, cared for at specialized services of UFPE, HGA and private institutions. Sociodemographic data, habits and health perception were assessed. Among the tests used were MMSE (convergent validity) and GDS (discriminating). RESULTS: A good correlation with standardized test was found, acceptable internal consistency (0.71), cutoff point for schooling of 6.49 (low) (80% and 77.8%) and 8.66 (high) (84.6% and 86.1%); Kappa coefficient of 1 (p=0.000) inter-rater consistency. CONCLUSION: STADP is a valid test for screening Alzheimer's disease.

Flavonoids with Potential Anti-Amyloidogenic Effects as Therapeutic Drugs for Treating Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Qixin Wang ◽  
Xiaofang Dong ◽  
Ran Zhang ◽  
Changqi Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Amyloid Β Protein ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Dementia Patients

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a central neurodegenerative disease generally among the elderly; it accounts for approximately 50–75%of total cases of dementia patients and poses a serious threat to physical and mental health. Currently available treatments for AD mainly relieves its symptoms, and effective therapy is urgently needed. Deposition of amyloid-β protein in the brain is an early and invariant neuropathological feature of AD. Currently the main efforts in developing anti-AD drugs focus on anti-amyloidogenic therapeutics that prevent amyloid-β production or aggregation and decrease the occurrence of neurotoxic events. The results of an increasing number of studies suggest that natural extracts and phytochemicals have a positive impact on brain aging. Flavonoids belong to the broad group of polyphenols and recent data indicate a favorable effect of flavonoids on brain aging. In this review, we collect relevant discoveries from 1999 to 2021, discuss 75 flavonoids that effectively influence AD pathogenesis, and summarize their functional mechanisms in detail. The data we have reviewed show that, these flavonoids belong to various subclasses, including flavone, flavanone, biflavone, etc. Our results provide a reference for further study of the effects of flavonoids on AD and the progress of anti-AD therapy.

Behavioral and Psychological Signs and Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) in antipsychotic-naïve Alzheimer's Disease patients

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guk-Hee Suh ◽  
Seung Kyum Kim
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Global Deterioration Scale ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Elderly Koreans ◽  
At Home

Background/Objective: There were few studies identifying the natural unfolding of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression in antipsychotic-naïve AD patients. This study aims to examine the specific nature of the association between BPSD in AD and the global severity of illness measured by Global Deterioration Scale(GDS) in antipsychotic-naïve AD patients in Korea.Methods: A total of 562 antipsychotics-naïve AD patients were recruited from four different groups [a geriatric mental hospital (n=145), a semi-hospitalized dementia institution (n=120), a dementia clinic (n=114) and community-dwelling dementia patients (n=183)]. BPSD exhibited by AD patients were measured using the 25-item Korean version of the BEHAVE-AD.Results: Ninety-two percent (n=517) of AD patients had at least one BPSD, while 56% (n=315) had 4 or more BPSD. Specific kinds of behavioral disturbance peak at the stages of moderate AD (GDS stage 5) or moderately severe AD (GDS stage 6). AD patients left at home without any treatment had higher frequency of BPSD than did other groups seeking treatment, although all of them were antipsychotic-naïve.Conclusion: BPSD potentially remediable to treatment were highly frequent in Korean AD patients. Health policies to meet the unmet needs of elderly Koreans are urgently needed, especially for AD patients at home without treatment.

Neuropsychiatric Assessment and Intervention in Alzheimer's Disease

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey L. Cummings
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
The World ◽  
Eventual Death

Dementia is a major public health problem in the United States and the world, requiring the expenditure of enormous economic and human resources. Dementia is common in the elderly, and, as the size of the aged population increases, the number of dementia victims will rise. Many dementias are fatal, producing the gradual erosion of intellectual abilities and eventual death of the patient. Demands made on family members and caregivers of dementia patients are extraordinary and often result in their emotional and financial exhaustion. Although basic science efforts are devoted to finding a cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementing illnesses, there is an urgent need for research that has immediate applicability to the 4 million current dementia patients.

scholarly journals Early detection of Alzheimer's disease using the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG)

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. SCHMAND ◽  
G. WALSTRA ◽  
J. LINDEBOOM ◽  
S. TEUNISSE ◽  
C. JONKER
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Dementia Screening ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Cognitively Intact ◽  
Better Than

Background. Dementia screening instruments, such as the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG), measure a variety of cognitive functions. However, memory impairment generally is the first sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It seems logical, therefore, to use only memory-related items for the early detection of AD. We divided the CAMCOG into a memory section and a non-memory section, and tested the hypothesis that the memory section predicts AD better than the non-memory section. We also provide normative data for both sections.Methods. Normal subjects (N = 169) and patients with incident AD (i.e. satisfying AD criteria between 1 and 3 years from baseline; N = 25) were participants in the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL), a population-based longitudinal study on cognitive decline and dementia. Patients with prevalent AD (i.e. satisfying AD criteria at baseline; N = 155) were either recruited in a memory clinic or came from AMSTEL. Normal subjects were cognitively intact at baseline and remained so for at least 3 years. The CAMCOG was administered to all subjects. AD was diagnosed by DSM-III-R criteria.Results. Logistic regression analysis showed that the memory section was related to prevalent AD, whereas in multivariate analysis the non-memory section was not (after correction for the memory score and demographic characteristics). A similar analysis showed that the memory section predicted incident AD, as did a higher score on the non-memory section. The MMSE did not predict incident AD better than age alone.Conclusion. For the early detection of AD it is best to use the memory and non-memory sections separately instead of the total CAMCOG score.

scholarly journals Depression in Alzheimer's Disease: A Delphi Consensus on Etiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Agüera-Ortiz ◽  
Rocío García-Ramos ◽  
Francisco J. Grandas Pérez ◽  
Jorge López-Álvarez ◽  
José Manuel Montes Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Delphi Consensus ◽  
Modified Delphi ◽  
Expert Opinions

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other forms of dementia are among the most common causes of disability in the elderly. Dementia is often accompanied by depression, but specific diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches are still lacking. This study aimed to gather expert opinions on dementia and depressed patient management to reduce heterogeneity in everyday practice.Methods: Prospective, multicenter, 2-round Modified Delphi survey with 53 questions regarding risk factors (11), signs and symptoms (7), diagnosis (8), and treatment (27) of depression in dementia, with a particular focus on AD. The questionnaire was completed by a panel of 37 expert physicians in neurodegenerative diseases (19 neurologists, 17 psychiatrists, and 1 geriatrician).Results: Consensus was achieved in 40 (75.5%) of the items: agreement in 33 (62.3%) and disagreement in 7 (13.2%) of them. Among the most relevant findings, depression in the elderly was considered an early sign (prodromal) and/or a dementia risk factor, so routine cognitive check-ups in depressed patients should be adopted, aided by clinical scales and information from relatives. Careful interpretation of neuropsychological assessment must be carried out in patients with depression as it can undermine cognitive outcomes. As agreed, depression in early AD is characterized by somatic symptoms and can be differentiated from apathy by the presence of sadness, depressive thoughts and early-morning awakening. In later-phases, symptoms of depression would include sleep-wake cycle reversal, aggressive behavior, and agitation. Regardless of the stage of dementia, depression would accelerate its course, whereas antidepressants would have the opposite effect. Those that improve cognitive function and/or have a dual or multimodal mode of action were preferred: Duloxetine, venlafaxine/desvenlafaxine, vortioxetine, tianeptine, and mirtazapine. Although antidepressants may be less effective than in cognitively healthy patients, neither dosage nor treatment duration should differ. Anti-dementia cholinesterase inhibitors may have a synergistic effect with antidepressants. Exercise and psychological interventions should not be applied alone before any pharmacological treatment, yet they do play a part in improving depressive symptoms in demented patients.Conclusions: This study sheds light on several unresolved clinical challenges regarding depression in dementia patients. Further studies and specific recommendations for this comorbid patient population are still needed.

scholarly journals Urinary Incontinence and Alzheimer’s Disease: Insights From Patients and Preclinical Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah N. Bartolone ◽  
Prasun Sharma ◽  
Michael B. Chancellor ◽  
Laura E. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Urinary Incontinence ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Amyloid Plaques ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Normal Cognitive Function ◽  
Clinical Models ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer’s disease effects a large percentage of elderly dementia patients and is diagnosed on the basis of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) present in the brain. Urinary incontinence (UI) is often found in the elderly populations and multiple studies have shown that it is more common in Alzheimer’s disease patients than those with normal cognitive function. However, the link between increased UI and Alzheimer’s disease is still unclear. Amyloid plaques and NFTs present in micturition centers of the brain could cause a loss of signal to the bladder, resulting in the inability to properly void. Additionally, as Alzheimer’s disease progresses, patients become less likely to recognize the need or understand the appropriate time and place to void. There are several treatments for UI targeting the muscarinic and β3 adrenergic receptors, which are present in the bladder and the brain. While these treatments may aid in UI, they often have effects on the brain with cognitive impairment side-effects. Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors are often used in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and directly oppose effects of anti-muscarinics used for UI, making UI management in Alzheimer’s disease patients difficult. There are currently over 200 pre-clinical models of Alzheimer’s disease, however, little research has been done on voiding disfunction in these models. There is preliminary data suggesting these models have similar voiding behavior to Alzheimer’s disease patients but much more research is needed to understand the link between UI and Alzheimer’s disease and discover better treatment options for managing both simultaneously.

scholarly journals Statin Treatment May Play a Key Role in the Prevention of Dementia: A Review of the Literature

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-24
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Statin Treatment ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Specific Therapy ◽  
Behavioral Disturbances ◽  
Degenerative Dementia ◽  
Daily Function

Dementiais characterized by cognitive decline and deterioration of daily function, often with behavioral disturbances. Degenerative dementia includes many sub groups like Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia, etc, and nondegenerative dementia mainly encompasses vascular dementia, traumatic brain dementia, and so on. Alzheimer's disease is the most common dementia in the elderly, accounting for 60% of cases(1). There is n't specific therapy for degenerative dementia, only symptomatic treatment.

Effect Of Nhexane Extract Of Caryota No Seed On Markers Of Neurodegeneration And Fecundity In Drosophila Melanogaster

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Chinonye A Maduagwuna ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Chronic Neuroinflammation

Study background: Chronic neuroinflammation is a common emerging hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia among the elderly and is characterized by loss of memory and other cognitive functions.

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