A Late Sixteenth Century Manila MS

1950 ◽  
Vol 82 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Boxer
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Small Craft ◽  
Double Folding

Hodgson's Sale Catalogue for the 10th July, 1947, of books from Lord Ilchester's Library at Holland House, contained a curious manuscript which was listed as follows under item No. 60.“Oriental MS.—75 Coloured Drawings of Native Eaces in the Far East, including the Ladrones, Moluccas, Philippines, Java, Siam, China, and elsewhere, those of China depicting Royalty, Warriors, Mandarins, etc., in gorgeous Robes, richly heightened with gold, also 88 smaller Coloured Drawings of Birds and fantastic animals (4 on a page), all within decorative borders, and a double folding Drawing of a Ship, and Natives in small craft, with about 270 pages of MS. text, sm. 4to, calf, lettered, Isla del os Ladrones (eighteenth century).”

Taxonomies of Yellow

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Keevak
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Far East ◽  
East Asians ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The People ◽  
Carl Linnaeus ◽  
French Physician

This chapter focuses on the emergence of new sorts of human taxonomies as well as new claims about the color of all human groups, including East Asians, during the course of the eighteenth century, as well as their racial implications. It first considers the theory advanced in 1684 by the French physician and traveler François Bernier, who proposed a “new division of the Earth, according to the different species or races of man which inhabit it.” One of these races, he suggested, was yellow. Then in 1735, the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus published Systema naturae, in which he categorized homo sapiens into four different skin colors. Finally, at the end of the eighteenth century, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, also a physician and the founder of comparative anatomy, declared that the people of the Far East were a yellow race, as distinct from the white “Caucasian” one.

Early Diplomatic Relations Between Mexico and the Far East

1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (04) ◽  
pp. 401-414
Author(s):  
Clinton Harvey Gardiner
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
The Far East

Between the glamorous galleons of the sixteenth century and the flashing fighter planes of the 1940’s—which were the Mexican commercial and military introductions to the Far East—came the less brilliant but more permanent diplomatic orientation toward the Far East on the part of Mexico during the last quarter of the nineteenth century.

The Penetration of the Copernican Theory into Feudal Japan

1944 ◽  
Vol 76 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 52-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bolesław Szcześniak
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
Western Science ◽  
Philosophy Of Life ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Matteo Ricci ◽  
China And Japan ◽  
The Universe

Western science began to penetrate to the Far East at the end of the sixteenth century, along with the Christian faith spread by Portuguese Jesuits.Astrology was important in both China and Japan. It included not only a limited knowledge of astronomy, but some philosophy and logic. The advent of astronomical knowledge as understood in Europe was the beginning of a new kind of science, which did not affect the East's traditional view of the universe; although at first information from Europe about medicine, physics, and astronomy reached the Far East along with the doctrines of Christianity, as a means of attracting converts to what the Chinese termed a new philosophy of life. An early propagator of Western civilization in China was the Jesuit Matteo Ricci (1553–1610), who taught medicine and astrology together with the principles of Catholicism. Another Jesuit, Francis Xavier, advised his superiors to send a mission consisting not only of the devout but also of the cultured.

No Longer White

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Keevak
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Far East ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Yellow Peril ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Mongolian Spot ◽  
Western Imagination ◽  
Important Shift

This book investigates when and how East Asians became yellow in the Western imagination. It follows a trajectory that emphasizes an important shift in thinking about race during the course of the eighteenth century, when new sorts of human taxonomies began to appear and new claims about the color of all human groups, including East Asians, were put forward. It also examines how the “yellow race” and “Mongolian” bodies became important subjects in nineteenth-century anthropology and medicine, respectively. “Mongolian” bodies, for example, were linked to certain conditions thought to be endemic in—or in some way associated with—the race as a whole, including the “Mongolian eye,” the “Mongolian spot,” and “Mongolism” (now known as Down syndrome). Finally, the book considers how the Far East came to be seen as a “yellow peril,” a term coined in 1895 and often attributed to Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany.

Interracial Outposts in Siberia: Nerchinsk, Kiakhta, and the Russo-Chinese Trade in the Seventeenth/Eighteenth Centuries

2000 ◽  
Vol 4 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 322-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Stolberg
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
The West ◽  
Multiethnic Identity ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
Chinese Trade

AbstractThis essay underlines the essential role of Russo-Chinese border trade in the creation of the multiethnic identity of Siberian outposts such as Nerchinsk and Kiakhta. In the seventeenth/early eighteenth century-under Tsar Peter the Great-Siberia became a meeting place for Russian, Central Asian and Chinese cultures. Furthermore, the Russo-Chinese trade was an important parameter of European economic expansion. Europe and the Far East met territorially only along the Eurasian frontier between Siberia and the Manchu Empire. Profitable trade, however, experienced a severe decline in the 1720s. Peter I's rigid fiscal policy choked off private initiative and prevented Siberia from becoming a major commercial entrepot between the West and East.

scholarly journals New Approach to the Imperial History of Russia in the 18th Century. Review of: Vulpius, R. (2020). Die Geburt des Russlдndischen Imperiums. Herrschaftskonzepte und -praktiken im 18. Jahrhundert. Beitrдge zur Geschichte Osteuropas. Kцln: Böhlau Verlag GmbH. 610 S.

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 318-325
Author(s):  
Elena V. Borodina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Far East ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The review analyses Die Geburt des Russländischen Imperiums. Herrschaftskonzepte und -praktiken im 18. Jahrhundert. Beiträge zur Geschichte Osteuropas (The Birth of the Russian Empire: Concepts and Practices of Domination in the 18th Century) by Ricarda Vulpius. The author of the monograph focuses on the question of when Russia became an empire. Vulpius pays special attention to the discussion around this problem in relation to the eighteenth century and offers her own solution to the problem using the Begriffsgeschichte methodology. The historian connects such concepts as imperial discourse and colonialism. In her opinion, a major role in the formation of the imperial idea in Russia was played by the development of the territories of Siberia and the Far East, the Caucasus and the lands inhabited by Bashkirs, Kalmyks, and Kazakhs. Despite the thoroughness of the work carried out, the book is not without drawbacks. They are due to the narrowness of the source base of the study and the impossibility of using the Begriffsgeschichte approach in analysing the structures created for the management of the indigenous population of the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals Peter the Great and Russia’s Growing Interest in the Exploration of the Pacific Ocean, 1711–1722

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Petrov ◽  
Alexey Yermolaev ◽  
Maria Koskina
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Far East ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century

This article discusses the reasons for the Russian government’s interest in the exploration of the Pacific frontiers in the early eighteenth century. The authors pay special attention to the expeditions organised before the First Kamchatka expedition. Those expeditions were organised by I. M. Evreinov, F. F. Luzhin, I. Kozyrevsky, Ya. A. Yelchin, and others. The authors clarify which expeditions were organised at the personal order of Peter the Great and study them in the context of the international situation. Special attention is paid to the debatable aspects of the orders of Peter the Great regarding the expeditions of Evreinov and Luzhin. The article is relevant because of the growing attention of researchers to the history of the Far East and the Pacific Ocean. Referring to new materials, the authors revise the opinion existing in the literature on the spontaneity of Peter the Great’s decision to explore the Pacific Ocean. The article provides information on different categories of the Russian population and the diversity of the Russian regions that took part in the exploration of the Pacific. The article demonstrates how the expeditions of 1711 and 1722 contributed to strengthening Russia’s position in the Far East. The authors employ an interdisciplinary approach, using the latest achievements in historical studies, traditional methods (comparative, genetic, the history of state and law) and new approaches (microhistory, historical psychology, the history of everyday life, historical anthropology, and ethnohistory). The study’s main results are the analysis of the projects and direct activities of Russian expeditions to America in the early eighteenth century. The authors also reveal the reasons for government interest in the eastern borders of Russia, which consisted of the country’s imperial status and its international position.

1759 and 1794

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-69
Author(s):  
Jeanne M. Britton
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Natural Disaster ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Far East ◽  
Narrative Form ◽  
Philosophical Work ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The French Revolution

Adam Smith’s mid-eighteenth-century account of sympathy begins with an imagined scene of torture. After the excesses of the French Revolution, such speculative scenarios of political and juridical violence prompt more explicit articulations of sympathy. This chapter identifies an urgent clarification of sympathy’s abstract, imaginative, and potentially transgressive features in the post-Terror philosophical work of Smith’s French translator, Sophie de Grouchy, and William Godwin’s Caleb Williams. De Grouchy’s translation highlights the same aspects of Smith’s work—fraternity, abstraction, and physicality—that are fundamental features in novelistic revisions of sympathy. In its figures of the brother on the rack and a natural disaster in the Far East, Smith’s Theory initiates a transformation of visual perception into imaginative perspective that Godwin’s Caleb Williams explores in narrative form.

Early Diplomatic Relations Between Mexico and the Far East

1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-414
Author(s):  
Clinton Harvey Gardiner
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
The Far East

Between the glamorous galleons of the sixteenth century and the flashing fighter planes of the 1940’s—which were the Mexican commercial and military introductions to the Far East—came the less brilliant but more permanent diplomatic orientation toward the Far East on the part of Mexico during the last quarter of the nineteenth century.

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