Who ran the Mongol Empire?

1982 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
The World ◽  
Mongol Empire

“With the Mongols there is neither slave nor free man; neither believer nor pagan…. And every one who approacheth them and offereth to them any of the mammon of the world, they accept it from him, and they entrust to him whatsoever office he seeketh, whether it be great or whether it be little, whether he knoweth how to administer it, or whether he doth not. All they demand is strenuous service and submission which is beyond the power (of man to render).”

The Mongol Empire and the Unification of Eurasia

2021 ◽  
pp. 507-532
Author(s):  
Nikolay P. Kradin
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
World History ◽  
Global Communication ◽  
Bubonic Plague ◽  
The West ◽  
Old World ◽  
Technological Growth ◽  
The World ◽  
Age Of Discovery ◽  
Mongol Empire

The Mongolian polity was the greatest pre-industrial empire, and second in the world history after the British Empire. It was established by the out-of-nowhere people of pastoral nomads. Nevertheless, the Mongolian Empire has played a great role in the world. Its founder, Genghis Khan, was even named the man of the second millennium. After termination of the murderous conquests, the Mongols became the trigger for building the global communication system in which gas stimulated the technological, cultural, and ideological exchanges between the civilizations of the Old World and contributed indirectly to the bubonic plague. The medieval Mongolian globalization laid the groundwork for subsequent technological growth, the age of discovery, and the rise of the West.

Commercial Queens: Mongolian Khatuns and the Silk Road

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 89-106
Author(s):  
TIMOTHY MAY
Keyword(s):  
Silk Road ◽  
Politics And Government ◽  
The World ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
The Silk Road

AbstractThree women dominated the politics and government of the Mongol Empire in the decade of the 1240s. Töregene and Oghul-Qaimish ruled as regents and are credited with corruption and petty politics throughout their regencies, while Sorqoqtani Beki became a paragon of virtue throughout the world for her adherence to the yasa of Chinggis Khan. Curiously, very little attention has been paid to this period to verify the accuracy of the statements. This study examines the role of all three women, but also attempts to place their actions in context, examine their role in commerce and how that affected their activities and their legacies. It argues that while the overall depiction of Töregene and Oghul-Qaimish may not be inaccurate, it overlooks some crucial elements and motives in their actions which also reveal that Sorqoqtani's actions were not as virtuous as the sources state.

China, the Abode of Arts and Crafts: Emergence and Diffusion of a Persian Saying on China in Mongol Eurasia

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-154
Author(s):  
Francesco Calzolaio
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Arts And Crafts ◽  
The World ◽  
Literary Images ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
High Degree ◽  
And Diffusion

AbstractBetween 1250 and 1450 a saying about China spread across Eurasia, from Castile to the Indian subcontinent. It is the proverb known as the “eyes of the world”, according to which when it comes to arts and crafts, the Chinese see with two eyes, the Europeans with one, and other nations are blind. This metaphor was widely used by pre-modern Eurasian intellectuals to synthesize the high degree of sophistication and splendour reached by Chinese culture. It has been suggested that the adage originated either in the Byzantine world or in Mongol China, whence it spread to central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and Europe. A study of Persian sources, however, seems to invalidate this hypothesis, suggesting a Persian origin. Such Eurasian diffusion of a Persian saying about China illustrates how easily literary images, tropes, and lore could spread across the Mongol empire and how Asian geographic and ethnographic discourses could contribute to the new representation of the world which emerged in the Mongol period. It also advocates for the inclusivity of Persian literary imagery, at times so influent as to trespass the borders both of the Persianate and of the Islamicate world.

Marco Polo in China — or not

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Great Effort ◽  
Marco Polo ◽  
The World ◽  
Historical Phenomenon ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
The Right

Marco Polo's book — The Travels, The Description of the World, II Milione, or whatever we prefer to call it — is unquestionably the best known of all contemporary sources on that unprecedented historical phenomenon, the Mongol Empire of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. That is not to say that it is by any means the best source. As history, it cannot compare, for example, with Rashīd al-Dīn's Jāmi' al-tawārīkh, and as a European travel account (if that is what it is), it is not remotely in the same class as Friar William of Rubruck's Itinerarium. Nevertheless, while Friar William may have been completely forgotten and Chinggis Khan remembered only as someone a political reactionary can, by dint of great effort, get himself (or herself, one should hasten to add) to the right of, there are many who know at least something about Marco Polo: perhaps principally the fact that he went to China — as almost everyone has hitherto supposed that he did.

scholarly journals Birds of the Mongol Empire

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene N. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Yuan Dynasty ◽  
Marco Polo ◽  
The World ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
The Yuan Dynasty ◽  
Medical Encyclopedia

The Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous empire the world has ever known, had, among other things, a goodly number of falconers, poultry raisers, birdcatchers, cooks, and other experts on various aspects of birding. We have records of this, largely in the Yinshan Zhengyao, the court nutrition manual of the Mongol empire in China (the Yuan Dynasty). It discusses in some detail 22 bird taxa, from swans to chickens. The Huihui Yaofang, a medical encyclopedia, lists ten taxa used medicinally. Marco Polo also made notes on Mongol bird use. There are a few other records. This allows us to draw conclusions about Mongol ornithology, which apparently was sophisticated and detailed.

scholarly journals POLITIK ISLAM MONGOLIA: MENCERMATI STRATEGI EKSPANSI TIMUR LENK

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hadi Masruri
Keyword(s):  
Military Power ◽  
Military Force ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Science History ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Military Strength ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
The One

Abstract<br /><br /> This paper discusses Timur Lenk who is ambitious to dominate the world through the founding of the great Mongol Empire as a mission ever launched by the grandchildren of Genghis Khan and Hulagu Khan. Timur Lenk himself continued the tradition of the Mongolian invasion force that is not forcing religion or spiritual practices to a conquered nation; they even build the conquest countries with the principle of regionalism. Even, in the end, the King of Mongolia turned to Islam, including Timur Lenk himself at the end of the 13th century and early 14th century. Then Mongolism Ideology becomes a major platform in conquering the entire countries with the royal and military strength. There are two basic frameworks of the Mongolian nation in its military power expansion, as the one done by Timur Lenk: first, the geneolis theory: the world hegemony to perpetuate the Mongol Empire using military force and running the ancient absolutism politic believing that the greater authority of the ruler could result on achieving peace and security. Second, attack and defend theory: rebuilding a country that has been destroyed with luxurious infrastructures like an extraordinary magnificent palace, developing science, history, Sufism and then try to defend them.<br /><br />Keywords: Mongolia, Timur Lenk, Jenghiz Khan<br /><br />

Cengiz Han’ın İktisat Düşüncesi ve Mirası

2021 ◽  
pp. 149-170
Author(s):  
Mehmet Tuğrul ◽  
Cem Korkut
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
World History ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The World ◽  
Single State ◽  
Mongol Empire

"The first date the Mongolian name was used in historical sources is the VII. century. Mongols were considered an insignificant tribe in this period. The use of the Mongolian name as a state and dynasty coincides with the period of Genghis Khan. Mongols had very close relations with the Turks during the periods when they emerged as a political power, and these two nations were influenced by each other in many ways during the Great Hun, Göktürks and Uyghurs periods. The period when the Mongols played their main role in the world history scene was during the Mongol Empire established by Temüjin. Temüjin gathered the Mongol tribes under a single state administration and received the title of Genghis Khan. The spreading momentum at the time of Genghis Khan enabled the Mongols to establish one of the largest empires in history. So much so that this empire dominated about a quarter of the world. Most researchers tend to explain these expansionist activities of Genghis Khan and his legacy for the successors with barbarism and brute force. However, this explanation is inadequate not only in many respects but also in terms of understanding Genghis Khan’s economic activities and the administrative system he established. The most important reason for this is that the sources related to Genghis Khan period are mostly insufficient. In this study, existing sources will be examined from the perspective of economic history. In addition, the Laws of Genghis Khan (Yassa) will be analyzed in terms of economy. This study analyzes the economic activities of Genghis Khan and the economic structure of the Mongol Empire at that time."

A pragmatist philosophy of psychological science and its implications for replication

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Gantman ◽  
Robin Gomila ◽  
Joel E. Martinez ◽  
J. Nathan Matias ◽  
Elizabeth Levy Paluck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
William James ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Behavioral Measurement ◽  
The World ◽  
Pragmatist Philosophy

AbstractA pragmatist philosophy of psychological science offers to the direct replication debate concrete recommendations and novel benefits that are not discussed in Zwaan et al. This philosophy guides our work as field experimentalists interested in behavioral measurement. Furthermore, all psychologists can relate to its ultimate aim set out by William James: to study mental processes that provide explanations for why people behave as they do in the world.

Culture and the plasticity of perception

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lifshitz ◽  
T. M. Luhrmann
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Cultural Learning ◽  
The World

Abstract Culture shapes our basic sensory experience of the world. This is particularly striking in the study of religion and psychosis, where we and others have shown that cultural context determines both the structure and content of hallucination-like events. The cultural shaping of hallucinations may provide a rich case-study for linking cultural learning with emerging prediction-based models of perception.

Let's call a memory a memory, but what kind?

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazim Keven
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Animal Cognition ◽  
The World

Abstract Hoerl & McCormack argue that animals cannot represent past situations and subsume animals’ memory-like representations within a model of the world. I suggest calling these memory-like representations as what they are without beating around the bush. I refer to them as event memories and explain how they are different from episodic memory and how they can guide action in animal cognition.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document