scholarly journals POLITIK ISLAM MONGOLIA: MENCERMATI STRATEGI EKSPANSI TIMUR LENK

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hadi Masruri
Keyword(s):  
Military Power ◽  
Military Force ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Science History ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Military Strength ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
The One

Abstract<br /><br /> This paper discusses Timur Lenk who is ambitious to dominate the world through the founding of the great Mongol Empire as a mission ever launched by the grandchildren of Genghis Khan and Hulagu Khan. Timur Lenk himself continued the tradition of the Mongolian invasion force that is not forcing religion or spiritual practices to a conquered nation; they even build the conquest countries with the principle of regionalism. Even, in the end, the King of Mongolia turned to Islam, including Timur Lenk himself at the end of the 13th century and early 14th century. Then Mongolism Ideology becomes a major platform in conquering the entire countries with the royal and military strength. There are two basic frameworks of the Mongolian nation in its military power expansion, as the one done by Timur Lenk: first, the geneolis theory: the world hegemony to perpetuate the Mongol Empire using military force and running the ancient absolutism politic believing that the greater authority of the ruler could result on achieving peace and security. Second, attack and defend theory: rebuilding a country that has been destroyed with luxurious infrastructures like an extraordinary magnificent palace, developing science, history, Sufism and then try to defend them.<br /><br />Keywords: Mongolia, Timur Lenk, Jenghiz Khan<br /><br />

scholarly journals GAGASAN INDONESIA MENGENAI INDO-PACIFIC TREATY: PROSPEK DAN MASALAH

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agung Citra Purnama
Keyword(s):  
Active Role ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Mutual Trust ◽  
Security Cooperation ◽  
The World ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Area Of Concern

<p><strong>Abstrak</strong> – Kawasan Indo-Pasifik merupakan kawasan yang menjadi perhatian dunia saat ini, karena kekuatan di bidang politik, ekonomi dan militer dari negara-negara yang ada didalam kawasan tersebut. Permasalahan keamanan yang terjadi di kawasan tersebut menjadi perhatian dunia dan Indonesia merasa perlu berperan aktif dalam menciptakan perdamaian dan keamanan di kawasan. Oleh karena itu, melalui mantan Menteri Luar Negeri Marty Natalegawa, Indonesia mengajukan sebuah gagasan pembentukan Indo-Pacific Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation untuk menjaga keamanan kawasan. Artikel ini bermaksud mengetahui makna dan tujuan gagasan pembentukan traktat ini, serta prospek dan masalah dalam mewujudkannya. Di akhir penelitian ditemukan simpulan bahwa gagasan dan tujuan dari pembentukan Indo-Pacific Treaty ini adalah menciptakan mekanisme untuk mempromosikan cara damai dan saling percaya dengan tidak menggunakan cara pengerahan kekuatan militer dan tidak merugikan pihak-pihak lain di dalam kawasan. Walaupun untuk saat ini prospek mewujudkan gagasan ini masih kecil dikarenakan adanya sejumlah masalah yang menghadang, namun gagasan ini tetap dapat diwujudkan di masa depan dengan menggunakan strategi yang mendapat dukungan dari negara-negara lain di kawasan.</p><p><br /><strong>Kata Kunci</strong> : gagasan, indo-pacific treaty, prospek, masalah, keamanan kawasan, kerjasama keamanan</p><p><br /><em><strong>Abstract</strong></em> – Indo-Pacific region is an area of concern for the world today, because of the power in politics, economics and military of the countries that are in this region. Security problems that occur in this region become the attention of the world and Indonesia felt it necessary to play an active role in establishing peace and security in the region. Therefore, through the former Minister of Foreign Affairs Marty Natalegawa, Indonesia proposed the idea of establishment an Indo-Pacific Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation for maintaining regional security. This article intends to determine the meaning and purpose of the idea of this treaty, as well as the prospects and problems in realizing them. In conclusion, the idea and the purpose of the establishment of Indo-Pacific Treaty is to create mechanisms to promote peaceful means and mutual trust without deployment of military force and harming other parties in the region. Although for now the prospect of realizing this idea is still small due to a number of problems facing, but this idea can still be realized in the future by using a strategy that has the support of other countries in the region.</p><p><br /><em><strong>Keywords</strong></em>: idea, indo-pacific treaty, prospects, problems, regional security, security cooperation</p>

The Malayonesian Cosmological Doctrines in Some Past Scientific Writings in Malay

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-49
Author(s):  
Shaharir Bin Mohd Zain
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Substantial Portion ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
The People ◽  
The World

The Malayonesian cosmological doctrines highlighted here are based on the study of the five Malay inscriptions dated 5th century to 14th century A.D, a traditional Malay folklore on cosmology compiled by Abdullah (1984), and  a well known best seller Malay manuscript entitled Taj al-Muluk edited by Syaikh Ismail al-Asyi (1893). We find that the Malayonesian cosmology changes as the people change their religion successively from Hindu to Buddha and to Islam as such that their cosmology became a syncretism of Hindu-Buddha cosmology and Islamic cosmology (after 13th century A.D). But in the second part of the 20th century, the Muslims  through out the world began to rediscover their cosmology in relation to a much more pure Islamic cosmology. As a result, a substantial portion of Malayonesians become dualistic or syncretic in their cosmology.  Then toward the end of the 20th century came a very powerfull Western cosmology  invaded the Muslims thought through economics and malitarism  as such that their belief in Islamic cosmology has to accommodate the Western cosmology as well and hence the syncretic Hindu-Buddha-Islamic cosmology  became less prominent. A new relativistic dualism, namely a parallel recognition in both the Islamic and the Western cosmologies appeared in Malayonesian cosmology.

scholarly journals THE INDONESIA IDEA OF INDO-PACIFIC TREATY: PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agung Citra Purnama
Keyword(s):  
Active Role ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Mutual Trust ◽  
Security Cooperation ◽  
The World ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Area Of Concern

<p><strong>Abstrak</strong> - Kawasan Indo-Pasifik merupakan kawasan yang menjadi perhatian dunia saat ini, karena kekuatan di bidang politik, ekonomi dan militer dari negara-negara yang ada didalam kawasan tersebut. Permasalahan keamanan yang terjadi di kawasan tersebut menjadi perhatian dunia dan Indonesia merasa perlu berperan aktif dalam menciptakan perdamaian dan keamanan di kawasan. Oleh karena itu, melalui mantan Menteri Luar Negeri Marty Natalegawa, Indonesia mengajukan sebuah gagasan pembentukan Indo-Pacific Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation untuk menjaga keamanan kawasan. Artikel ini bermaksud mengetahui makna dan tujuan gagasan pembentukan traktat ini, serta prospek dan masalah dalam mewujudkannya. Di akhir penelitian ditemukan simpulan bahwa gagasan dan tujuan dari pembentukan Indo-PacificTreaty ini adalah menciptakan mekanisme untuk mempromosikan cara damai dan saling percaya dengan tidak menggunakan cara pengerahan kekuatan militer dan tidak merugikan pihak-pihak lain di dalam kawasan. Walaupun untuk saat ini prospek mewujudkan gagasan ini masih kecil dikarenakan adanya sejumlah masalah yang menghadang, namun gagasan ini tetap dapat diwujudkan di masa depan dengan menggunakan strategi yang mendapat dukungan dari negara-negara lain di kawasan.</p><p><br /><strong>Kata kunci</strong>: gagasan, indo-pacific treaty, prospek, masalah, keamanan kawasan, kerjasama keamanan</p><p><br /><em><strong>Abstract</strong> - Indo-Pacific region is an area of concern for the world today, because of the power in politics, economics and military of the countries that are in this region. Security problems that occur in this region become the attention of the world and Indonesia felt it necessary to play an active role in establishing peace and security in the region. Therefore, through the former Minister of Foreign Affairs Marty Natalegawa, Indonesia proposed the idea of establishment an Indo-Pacific Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation for maintaining regional security. This article intends to determine the meaning and purpose of the idea of this treaty, as well as the prospects and problems in realizing them. In conclusion, the idea and the purpose of the establishment of Indo-Pacific Treaty is to create mechanisms to promote peaceful means and mutual trust without deployment of military force andharming other parties in the region. Although for now the prospect of realizing this idea is still small due to a number of problems facing, but this idea can still be realized in the future by using a strategy that has the support of other countries in the region.</em></p><p><em></em><br /><em><strong>Keywords:</strong> idea, indo-pacific treaty, prospects, problems, regional security, security cooperation</em></p>

scholarly journals The unknown Mount Athos copy of the holy service to St. Simeon by St. Sava with the prologue life of St. Simeon

2018 ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
Irena Spadijer
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Time Span ◽  
The Other ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Very Old ◽  
Manuscript Tradition ◽  
Full Form ◽  
Manuscript Dating ◽  
The One

The Service to St. Simeon, written by St. Sava, has not been published yet and, despite the fact that there are only a few copies of it, its manuscript heritage has not been fully explored either. Menaion No. 11, written in the early 14th century and archived in the collection of the St. Panteleimon monastery on Mt Athos, has been selected for the purposes of this paper from several copies spanning the period from the mid-13th century to the 30s of the 17th century. This manuscript contains a very old copy of the St. Sava?s Service to St. Simeon that has been unknown to scholars to this day. The paper looks at the structure of the Service presented in the Menaion No. 11 and its place in the manuscript tradition. In terms of its structure - primarily the entire Service to Martinian and the separate canons - this work is one of the oldest versions. On the other hand, the text itself coincides with the version of the akolouthia which is considered a later-date and expanded version representing the veneration of the saint - regardless of the fact that it was preserved in the oldest manuscript dating back to the mid-13th century (SASA 361). All later-date monuments preserve the older state and the joint veneration of St. Martinian and St. Simeon. However, some ?expansions? identified in the copy of the Service from the second or third decade of the 14th century (only a few such ?expansions? are presented in the paper) indicate that this text is definitely older than the one written in the mid-13th century which was used for comparison. As the time span between all versions is not too big (at most 10 to 15 years), the microchronology of their orgin remains to be resolved. For the time being, we are quite convinced that the most widespread version (in the oldest manuscript) could not have been written before St. Sava?s second visit to Mount Athos (after 1217), and possibly before his return. What is particularly interesting about this copy is that it contains the Prologue Life of St. Simeon which does not exist in any other manuscript of the Service. For this reason, the Prologue is presented in its full form in the Appendix.

MICHAL BIRAN, Qaidu and the Rise of the Independent Mongol State in Central Asia (Richmond, Surrey, U.K.: Curzon, 1997). Pp. 208. $75.00 cloth.

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-286
Author(s):  
Ernest Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
The Political ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
Mongol Empire

Michal Biran fills an important gap in research on the 13th-century Mongol empire with her recent study of Qaidu (1236–1301), a great-grandson of Chinggis Khan and champion of the house of Ögödei. Characterizing Qaidu as a pragmatist, not an “ideological warrior” (p. 107), she challenges the conventional view that he was one of the quintessential defenders of nomadic values against the sedentarizing ethos of other Mongol rulers, and that he claimed the office of qa⊂an (supreme Mongol overlord). The work argues that his long struggle with Qubilai and his ruling career in Central Asia had two main goals: to restore to the Ögödeid ulus its rightful territory according to the original division of the empire by Chinggis and to secure the political and economic viability of that territory. It concludes that Qaidu did not aspire to become the qa⊂an but played a crucial role in the emergence of an independent Chaghadaid khanate in the early 14th century.

THE INTERNATIONAL FORM IN THE WORLD OF THE WORLD OF THE WEST EUROPE AND FORTIFICATION ART OF THE CRUSADERS IN THE MIDDLE EAST OF THE XIth AND XIIIth CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 4-16
Author(s):  
Kilimnik E.V.
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Military Architecture ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
New Type ◽  
The One

The main purpose of the study is to conduct architectural and historical analysis of the formation of medieval feudal castles as a phenomenon of chivalrous culture of Europe and the Middle East. The task of the study is to analyze the general and special in the evolution of forms in the castle architecture of Western Europe and the Jerusalem medieval kingdom. Creation of architectural and historical typology of castle forms that existed in the regions of medieval Western Europe and the Levant. In the course of the analysis of the formation of Middle Eastern castle complexes of the 12th - 13th century. found that on the one hand they were traditionally based on cultural and construction practices, Introduced to the regions of the Levant by European knights ‒ tower-donjon type of castle, which arose during the conquest in the areas of Israel, Palestine and Syria, on the other ‒ somewhat different from the architectural traditions of Western Europe, local technologies for processing stone quads, the construction of walls that have a boot, the use of cement solution, the creation of a tower-shaped building at the towers-don having a significant amount. Applied in the Middle East construction innovations with the active use of Romano-Byzantine traditions, getting to the territory of Western Europe, developed a chivalrous culture of castle building. As a result of cultural and historical analysis of European and Middle Eastern castle forms of the 12th and 13th century. it was determined that a better system of protection ‒ small wall niches, vaulted system of overlaps ‒ was introduced into the European fortification art by returning crusader knights. Thanks to the acquired building experience, the Crusaders in Western Europe were introduced to a new type of castle, the castel, which was borrowed from the old Roman-Byzantine military architecture during the conquest of the Levant. Based on the study of European castle forms, it was revealed that the new composition of the castle was introduced by knights-pilgrims from the middle east to the lands of Western and Central Europe, where it got its development, thanks to the French masters-fortifiers who formed this classic castle type in the 13th - 15th centuries.

scholarly journals War on Terror and Its Implications for Global Peace and Security

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
Rifah R. Monir
Keyword(s):  
War On Terror ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
The West ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The World ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Global Peace ◽  
Political Decision Making

The study starts with an attempt to outline terrorism conceptually. It then discusses the policy and operational background of the War on Terror. The study progresses with a brief review of the major processes of political decision-making and military atrocities resulting from the war. The main argument of this study suggests that the scale of global terrorism cannot be successfully combated through the sole application of military power that produces more terrorism. The study contributes to the critical academic literature that claims that by overstating the terrorist activities and adopting brutal military strategies, the War on Terror is actually inducing terrorism. As is evidenced, terrorist attacks are on the rise both in number and magnitude after the war. The study concludes that the War on Terror is leaving the world more at risk with adverse consequences on global peace and security by creating inefficient governments, malfunctioning institutions, cultural intrusion of the west, and degrading misconceptions like Islamophobia.   

Geleit, Geleitsrecht und Juden im Mittelalter

Aschkenas ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-77
Author(s):  
Markus J. Wenninger
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City ◽  
The Middle Ages

Abstract Safe conduct functioned in the Middle Ages and in the Early Modern period to provide a particular safety to travelers with proper protection on the one hand; on the other, it was practiced as an authoritative tool for the establishment of income and the control over travelers. Since the 13th century, a development of particular safe-conduct evolved, to which also tax-like dues were inherent. From its beginning, Jews, too, were integrated into this system – both as those receiving safe conduct and, especially in the 14th century, also investors, who leased tax revenues from local lords. Receiving safe-conduct was imperative to Jews in the later periods of the Middle Ages and the Early Modern age because of their mobility for trade and moneylending businesses. From the 14th century on, the social position of the Jews in Germany significantly worsened, and they were increasingly expelled from many cities and territories. Hence, Jews were only allowed to enter specific cities if they paid for the specific safe conduct. Contrary to earlier times, this did not include protection anymore, but merely the permission to enter the city. This essay describes this development by examining several case studies from the 13th to the early 16th centuries. One focus rests on the reign of Emperor Maximilian I, from which stem several revealing cases. From the safe conduct, which was granted to Jews, the term »Judengeleit« (safe-conduct for Jews, often simply called »safe-conduct/Geleit«) was developed in the 14th century, determining the acceptance and the right of abode for Jews in the cities and territories, which were common especially in the western regions of Germany. This phenomenon is discussed in this essay only concerning its formation and not regarding its further development.

Psychology from Egyptian, Arab, and Islamic Perspectives

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 356-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fouad A-L.H. Abou-Hatab
Keyword(s):  
Professional Identity ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
National Heritage ◽  
Western Psychology ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

This paper presents the case of psychology from a perspective not widely recognized by the West, namely, the Egyptian, Arab, and Islamic perspective. It discusses the introduction and development of psychology in this part of the world. Whenever such efforts are evaluated, six problems become apparent: (1) the one-way interaction with Western psychology; (2) the intellectual dependency; (3) the remote relationship with national heritage; (4) its irrelevance to cultural and social realities; (5) the inhibition of creativity; and (6) the loss of professional identity. Nevertheless, some major achievements are emphasized, and a four-facet look into the 21st century is proposed.

Indonesian Literature’s Position in World Literature

TEKNOSASTIK ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Dina Amelia
Keyword(s):  
World Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Literature ◽  
Western World ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Voice

There are two most inevitable issues on national literature, in this case Indonesian literature. First is the translation and the second is the standard of world literature. Can one speak for the other as a representative? Why is this representation matter? Does translation embody the voice of the represented? Without translation Indonesian literature cannot gain its recognition in world literature, yet, translation conveys the voice of other. In the case of production, publication, or distribution of Indonesian Literature to the world, translation works can be very beneficial. The position of Indonesian literature is as a part of world literature. The concept that the Western world should be the one who represent the subaltern can be overcome as long as the subaltern performs as the active speaker. If the subaltern remains silent then it means it allows the “representation” by the Western.

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