Neo-Babylonian ba-ga-ni(-'). I

1937 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-343
Author(s):  
C. P. T. Winckworth
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Old Persian ◽  
The One

In an article by W. Eilers, entitled “Eine mittelpersische Wortform aus frühachämenidischer Zeit ?” (ZDMG., 90, 160 ff.), it is contended that already by the end of the sixth century B.C. the nominal inflexions of Old Persian had completely disappeared from the Persian spoken language, in contradistinction to the literary language of the Achsemenid inscriptions. The author's arguments are based entirely upon his own novel interpretation of two short passages contained in Neo-Babylonian private letters of the time of Darius I, which are to all intents and purposes identical the one with the other, and which may be provisionally transliterated:—

Thomas Müntzer und die deutsche Sprache

1989 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Schildt
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Ancient Rhetoric ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The People ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The One ◽  
Selection Of

SummaryThomas Müntzer’s language work, particularly effective from 1523 to 1525, is dealt with from two aspects. On the one hand, it is integrated into tendencies of language development of his time; it can be shown that Müntzer-whether consciously or not - contributed to the process of levelling and selection of the various literary languages of that time - the prerequisite to the development of a national literary language. On the other hand, it is described how Müntzer-like other personalities powerful of expression in the time of the Reformation and the Peasants’ War-used specific language means to make himself understood by the broad masses of the people in his revolutionary ideas based on the Bible. Trained in ancient rhetoric, he fell back upon means of spoken language and thus gave his language a “popular” character in the true sense of the word.

scholarly journals Hiketeia

1973 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 74-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gould
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Role ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Dead Body ◽  
Greek Literature ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Working Out

To Professor E. R. Dodds, through his edition of Euripides'Bacchaeand again inThe Greeks and the Irrational, we owe an awareness of new possibilities in our understanding of Greek literature and of the world that produced it. No small part of that awareness was due to Professor Dodds' masterly and tactful use of comparative ethnographic material to throw light on the relation between literature and social institutions in ancient Greece. It is in the hope that something of my own debt to him may be conveyed that this paper is offered here, equally in gratitude, admiration and affection.The working out of the anger of Achilles in theIliadbegins with a great scene of divine supplication in which Thetis prevails upon Zeus to change the course of things before Troy in order to restore honour to Achilles; it ends with another, human act in which Priam supplicates Achilles to abandon his vengeful treatment of the dead body of Hector and restore it for a ransom. The first half of theOdysseyhinges about another supplication scene of crucial significance, Odysseus' supplication of Arete and Alkinoos on Scherie. Aeschylus and Euripides both wrote plays called simplySuppliants, and two cases of a breach of the rights of suppliants, the cases of the coup of Kylon and that of Pausanias, the one dating from the mid-sixth century, the other from around 470 B.C. or soon after, played a dominant role in the diplomatic propaganda of the Spartans and Athenians on the eve of the Peloponnesian War.

scholarly journals ON THE SPECIFICITY OF FUNCTIONING OF THE NUMERALS IN THE NORTHERN DIALECTS OF THE UDMURT LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 804-812
Author(s):  
L.L. Karpova
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Empirical Base ◽  
Language Area ◽  
The One ◽  
Limited Diffusion

The paper aims to analyze features of the numerals in the Northern dialects of the Udmurt language. The empirical base of the research is the language materials of the author’s dialectological expeditions to the areas of Northern Udmurt. The relevance of the study is determined by the importance of information about the originality of the Udmurt dialects, common in the Northern language area and having insufficient coverage in the scientific literature. The paper highlights specific features of the Northern Udmurt dialects on the one hand and features with limited diffusion in certain microsystems of studied dialects on the other. The study demonstrates that general characteristics of the numerals in these dialects do not show great differences from those of literary language. The author focuses on features that are highlighted in the phonetic design of individual numerals. Specific phenomena in the formation and use of certain numbering words are noted. The territorial prevalence of dialect modifications of the numerals in the Northern dialect space of the Udmurt language is also revealed. Consistent comparison of the language facts of Northern Udmurt dialects with similar phenomena in other dialects of Udmurt is made.

Il Boccaccio di Baldassar Castiglione: la duplice immagine del Certaldese nelle pagine del Cortegiano

2020 ◽  
pp. 231-245
Author(s):  
Flavia Palma
Keyword(s):  
Giovanni Boccaccio ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Questione Della Lingua ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Giovanni Boccaccio is quoted several times in Castiglione’s Cortegiano, but all these mentions are inserted in two specific contexts: on the one hand, the debate on literary language, developed in the letter of dedication to don Michel De Silva and in the first book; on the other hand, the definition of the joke in book II. Starting from these premises, this essay analyses the meanings of Boccaccio’s presence in the Cortegiano. It shows that Castiglione’s treatise provides two different and concurrent representations of the author of the Decameron: a positive one, connected to the ‘questione della lingua’, that offers Boccaccio as a promoter of the usage (‘uso’); a critical one, deriving from the theory of the ‘facezia’, that makes Boccaccio a challenging and challenged model.

Notes on the colloquial lanǵuaǵe of Persia as recorded in certain recent writings

1952 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Classical Tradition ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Speech ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Persian Literature ◽  
The West ◽  
Colloquial Language ◽  
Ordinary Conversation

§ 1. There is in all languages a considerable difference between literary and colloquial usage. Sometimes this difference is so great that one can almost speak of two distinct languages. But even when the contrast is less striking it remains true that a large part of the vocabulary and a number of grammatical forms are to be encountered only in books and do not come spontaneously to the lips in natural speech; just as, on the other hand, there are words and expressions to be heard on every side in ordinary conversation that would be unthinkable in formal writing. All this is as true of Persian as of any other language; but whereas in the West the colloquial idiom has long since achieved literary recognition in the drama and in fiction, this is by no means the case in Persia, where recent experiments in the recording of the spoken language have met with strong opposition from the upholders of the classical tradition. The first shot hi this new ‘Battle of the Books’ was fired more than 30 years ago by Sayyed Mohammad ‘Ali amālzāde with the publication of his celebrated collection of short stories known as Yekī būd yekī na-būd, in which he introduced into Persian literature a host of words and phrases in common use by all classes throughout Persia but unrecorded in dictionaries and carefully avoided by men of letters. ǰamālzāde was content to enrich the vocabulary of the literary language: it was left to men like the late Sādeq Hedāyat and his disciple Sādeq Čūbak to take a second and much more controversial step and to make the creatures of their imagination employ, as nearly as possibly, the actual pronunciation and grammar of the spoken language.

scholarly journals The Lexicon of Dafydd ap Gwilym's Poetry

2015 ◽  
pp. 53-68
Author(s):  
Dafydd Johnston ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Political Change ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Poetic Tradition ◽  
Welsh Language ◽  
The One ◽  
Core Vocabulary ◽  
New Compounds

Lexical eclecticism is a well-known characteristic of the fourteenth-century Welsh poet Dafydd ap Gwilym. This paper will offer a preliminary categorisation of the sources of his language, considering on the one hand what he inherited from the earlier poetic tradition and the various discourses of Middle Welsh prose (religious, legal, historiographical), and on the other hand innovations resulting from use of colloquial vocabulary and loanwords from French, English and Irish, as well as new compounds and abstract formations. An attempt will be made to assess the proportion of core vocabulary of the spoken language in his poetry, with due regard to the associated methodological issues. Some conclusions will be drawn about the kinds of evidence which the poetry can provide for the development of the Welsh language during a period of major socio-political change.

scholarly journals SEMANTIC MODEL “DILIGENT” IN THE BALTIC-FINNIC LANGUAGES

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-221
Author(s):  
Irma Ivanovna Mullonen ◽  
Tatjana Vladimirovna Pashkova
Keyword(s):  
Hard Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Semantic Model ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Slavic Linguistics ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Semantic Evolution

The article presents a semantic-motivational analysis of twenty Baltic-Finnic dialect and literary language words used to nominate a hard-working person. The source of the material was the dialect dictionaries of individual Baltic-Finnish languages and their file cabinets. The data of etymological dictionaries are also involved. The undertaken research was carried out in line with ethnolinguistics, which is developing successfully in Slavic linguistics, despite the fact that practically no such studies were conducted on the material of the Baltic-Finnish languages. Involving as a comparison the corresponding results according to the Russian dialects showed that the linguistic image of the hardworking is characterized by certain universals in the motivation for naming. However, the Baltic-Finnish units differ in their specificity. The nominations of hardworking people are secondary in them and go back to the names, on the one hand, of dynamic qualities ‘quick, brisk, energetic’, on the other hand, spiritual characteristics (‘enthusiastic, passionate, greedy’) that turn out to be etymologically closely related. It was revealed that they correlate with the basics marking fast, sharp, intense movement - from walking to a blow or a gust of wind. At the same time, a significant part of the verbs of this series can be confidently qualified as having a descriptive, onomatopoeic nature, which is also inherited by the names of hard workers. The revealed regularity of semantic evolution (‘quick abrupt movement’ → ‘fast, energetic, passionate’ → ‘hardworking’) is important for establishing the etymological sources of words that represent the idea of hard work, as it defines a certain algorithm for such a search. Now the lexemes representing the established semantic paradigm are actually divorced according to different etymological articles and the connection between them is most often not indicated in any way.

scholarly journals SEMANTICS OF THE VERBALITY ЖИТЬ IN RUSSIAN DIALECTS OF UDMURTIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-235
Author(s):  
E.A. Zhdanova
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The article is devoted to the analysis of semantic features that are noted in the verb жить in Russian dialects of Udmurtia. As the analysis of the material of the corpus of Russian dialects of Udmurtia showed, this verb is found in contexts indicating values different from those known in the literary language. In connection with the need to clarify the layout of the corpus and create a dictionary of Russian dialects in Udmurtia, a definition of the semantics of this verb is required. The semantic features of a dialect word can be established both by linguistic factors: the syntactic role and lexical compatibility, as well as extralinguistic factors: the range of specific uses of the verb, historical information about the settlement of this territory, religious and ideological features of dialect speakers. For analysis, material from various lexicographic sources, as well as etymological information, was used. As a result of the study, an idea about the possibility of double interpretation of the semantics of the analyzed dialect word was formed: on the one hand, from the point of view of its implementation in dialect, as a syncretic unit, on the other hand, from the point of view of its lexicographic representation, as a set of lexical-semantic variants.

Składniowa „mówioność” w powieści Doroty Masłowskiej „Kochanie, zabiłam nasze koty”

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 153-167
Author(s):  
Magdalena Nowakowska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Literary Characters ◽  
The One ◽  
Colloquial Style

Syntactic treatments, which imitate spoken language, are crucial determinants of the colloquial style, alongside lexis. Responsible for the impression of interacting or communing with the spontaneously created text, which is a record of the living language of the narrator and characters, they are concerned with numerous simplifications and schemes. Among many diversified linguistic phenomena found in the novel by D. Masłowska, entitled “Kochanie, zabiłam nasze koty” (English title: “Honey, I killed our cats”, seemingly contradictory syntactic tendencies are used; the elliptical nature of syntax on the one hand, and, on the other hand, numerous repetitions both with regards to lexis and the construction of sentences. The segmentation or breaking up of utterances, as well as their excessive expansions, is similarly contradictory. Drawing from the spoken language aims to connect the at times unreal word depicted in the novel with the reality of the recipient, and to present the literary characters in a reliable way, more often than not associated with ordinariness.

Mind the age gap

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-108
Author(s):  
Guilherme Fians
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽  
Age Gap ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

Abstract Esperanto is neither an official nor a commonly spoken language anywhere in the world and, due to the limited number of people who speak this language from birth and who teach it to the next generation, the persistence of this speech community cannot rely on intergenerational language transmission. Based on a year of ethnographic fieldwork in France, mainly in Paris, this article explores continuities and discontinuities in the Esperanto community and movement bylooking at how present-day young Esperanto speakers use the language online and through networks of sociability. In asking what is transmitted from one generation of Esperanto speakers to the next, and how new communication technologies impact the ways in which people use the language, I analyse how the concentration of speakers from different age groups around distinct technologies creates a segmentation in this community that leaves some issues incommunicable and hard to transmit. I argue that, on the one hand, engaging with Esperanto through Esperanto associations and, on the other hand, through social media and non-institutionalised gatherings, shapesdifferent perceptions of the language, marking a shift from Esperanto as a forward-looking cause for activists to Esperanto as a tool for sociability and an intellectual game for language-lovers.

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