Translocation of Dicamba in Canada Thistle

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Y. Chang ◽  
W. H. Vanden Born
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Root Uptake ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Substantial Portion ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Source To Sink ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Surrounding Soil

The foliage and roots of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) readily absorbed 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (dicamba) after which it was translocated by both phloem and xylem. The results are in harmony with a source-to-sink system of dicamba translocation in the phloem. Following foliar application, small amounts of dicamba were exuded by the roots into surrounding soil. Dicamba tended to accumulate in young, growing leaves following both foliar or root uptake. Leaves, but not roots, retained a substantial portion of the dicamba taken up. After 54 days, 63.1% of the recovered radioactivity in the treated leaf was still in the form of unaltered dicamba. The remaining 36.9% was in the form of an unidentified product. In other plant parts, much less change occurred. During a 54-day period, one-fifth of the dicamba applied was recovered as radioactive CO2.

Penetration and Translocation of Picloram in Canada Thistle

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Sharma ◽  
F. Y. Chang ◽  
W. H. Vanden Born
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Root Uptake ◽  
High Relative Humidity ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Substantial Portion ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Source To Sink ◽  
Leaves And Roots ◽  
Surrounding Soil

Added surfactant and high relative humidity enhanced penetration of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) into leaves of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.). Leaves and roots of Canada thistle readily absorbed picloram after which it was translocated in both phloem and xylem. Picloram tended to accumulate in young, growing leaves following both foliar and root uptake. In field-grown plants, injury symptoms appeared in young shoots as far as 1 m from treated shoots. The results are in harmony with a “source-to-sink” pattern of picloram translocation in the phloem. Leaves, but not roots, retained a substantial portion of the picloram absorbed. Following foliar application, small amounts of picloram were exuded by the roots into surrounding soil.

Regeneration of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) from Intact Roots and Root Fragments at Different Soil Depths

Weed Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette Goul Thomsen ◽  
Lars-Olav Brandsæter ◽  
Haldor Fykse
Keyword(s):  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Intact Root ◽  
Intact Roots

In the present field study, the capability of Canada thistle to develop shoots from intact roots and root fragments at different soil depths was studied. The experiments were performed on four sites with high-density Canada thistle, with three or four replications per treatment. At each site, the soil in the plots was removed layer by layer (to 30 or 40 cm, depending on the site), within a 1 by 1-m quadrat, and spread out on a plastic sheet. All roots and other plant parts were removed, and the soil was either replaced without any root material (two sites), or the roots of the thistles were cut into 10-cm-long fragments and replaced into the source holes (two sites). The measured variables were shoot number and biomass. The number of shoots of Canada thistle decreased with increasing depth (P < 0.001) and increased with time. Additionally, the two factors interacted (P < 0.001) such that shoot development was slower from greater depths. Roots from ≤ 20 cm depth produced higher biomasses than did roots from below 20 cm depth. Replacement of root fragments did not affect the amount of biomass produced. It was concluded that the intact root system contributed considerably more to the total biomass produced by Canada thistle than did the root fragments in the upper soil layers.

Aminopyralid and Clopyralid Absorption and Translocation in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bekir Bukun ◽  
Todd A. Gaines ◽  
Scott J. Nissen ◽  
Philip Westra ◽  
Galen Brunk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Absorption Studies ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Aboveground Tissue

Aminopyralid is a new auxinic herbicide that provides Canada thistle control at lower use rates than clopyralid. Studies were conducted to determine if differences in absorption, translocation, or metabolism account for aminopyralid's greater biological activity. Radiolabeled aminopyralid and clopyralid were applied to individual leaves of rosette-stage Canada thistle plants. Nonionic surfactant was used for the absorption studies because it provided higher aminopyralid absorption than methylated seed oil or crop oil concentrate. Clopyralid was absorbed very rapidly, reaching 72% 24 h after treatment (HAT) and remaining near or above 80% during a 192-h time course. During the same time period, aminopyralid absorption increased from 34 to 60%. Clopyralid translocation out of the treated leaf was significantly higher than aminopyralid, 39% compared with 17%, respectively, 192 HAT. More of applied clopyralid translocated to aboveground tissue 192 HAT (27%) than to roots (12%), whereas aminopyralid translocation was similar in aboveground tissue (10%) and roots (7%) 192 HAT. Neither aminopyralid nor clopyralid was metabolized 192 HAT. Although aminopyralid is effective at lower use rates than clopyralid, clopyralid absorption and translocation were higher in Canada thistle. These results suggest that aminopyralid's chemical structure may provide for greater biological activity at the target site than clopyralid.

Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of14C-Chlorsulfuron in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil J. Petersen ◽  
Beth A. Swisher
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Foliar Treatment ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Polar Product ◽  
Primary Injury

Absorption of14C-chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonanide} by Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. # CIRAR] was 39% following foliar treatment and 16% when added to a nutrient solution in which the plants were growing. Translocation from the treated organ was limited regardless of treatment method; 10% of the applied14C moved out of the treated leaf and 10% moved from the roots to other parts of the plant following absorption from the nutrient solution. When applied as a foliar treatment,14C-chlorsulfuron had not been metabolized by Canada thistle 48 h later. However, when14C-chlorsulfuron was added to the nutrient solution and absorbed by the roots, nearly 25% of the14C in the plants was present as a polar product(s), 13% had an Rf value identical to benzenesulfonamide standards, and the remaining 62% was chlorsulfuron. Chlorsulfuron was not transformed similarly in a nutrient solution after 6 days in the absence of plants. Suppression of regrowth was the primary injury symptom observed following chlorsulfuron application. Chlorsulfuron also reduced whole plant weight and root bud number and weight.

Translocation of14C-Glyphosate and14CO2-Labeled Photoassimilates in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray S. McAllister ◽  
Lloyd C. Haderlie
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Shoot Tissue ◽  
Treated Leaf

Translocation of14CO2-labeled photoassimilates was compared to movement of14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] in Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR] under field and controlled-environment conditions. Field-grown Canada thistle plants were treated on mature upper leaves at the midflower stage in mid-June and harvested 8 days later. No differences were found in glyphosate and assimilate distribution, and movement was primarily basipetal. Of the glyphosate and photoassimilates translocated from the treated leaves, 25 and 31%, respectively, were recovered from the roots, while 59 and 58%, respectively, were found in the shoot tissue below the treated leaf. Concentration of labeled glyphosate in the roots as much as 95 cm from the treated shoot was as high as at the base of the treated shoot. Photoperiods that induce flowering (15 h) or maintain vegetative growth (13 h) did not differentially affect the distribution of photoassimilates or glyphosate in 7-week-old Canada thistle plants in the growth chamber. In growth chamber-grown plants equivalent amounts of glyphosate and assimilates were translocated out of treated leaves; however, relatively more glyphosate than photoassimilates accumulated in the roots.

Translocation of Clopyralid and 2,4-D in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Turnbull ◽  
G. R. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Root Exudation ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Rate Of Absorption ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations ◽  
Sampling Times

The translocation and root exudation of leaf-applied sublethal concentrations of14C-labeled clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) and14C-labeled 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] were compared in Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. var.horridumWimm. and Grab. ♯ CIRAR] at the rosette stage over a period of 9 days. The rate of absorption and export of14C out of the treated leaf was similar for both herbicides. However, the distribution of the herbicides throughout the plant was very different. After 9 days, 15 vs. 3% of the applied14C from14C-clopyralid vs.14C-2,4-D, respectively, was isolated from the foliage of the treated leaf. In the roots, twice as much14C was recovered from the14C-clopyralid treatments as from the14C-2,4-D treatment at all sampling times, with 33 vs. 15% being recovered, respectively, after 9 days. When the plants were grown hydroponically, 20% of the14C-clopyralid vs. 48% of the14C-2,4-D was recovered in the nutrient solution during a 9-day period. No metabolites of either herbicide were recovered from the foliage, root system, or nutrient solution. Large differences in translocation of these herbicides may account for the unequal toxicity to young Canada thistle plants.

Absorption and Translocation of Aminocyclopyrachlor and Aminocyclopyrachlor-Methyl Ester in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bekir Bukun ◽  
R. Bradley Lindenmayer ◽  
Scott J. Nissen ◽  
Philip Westra ◽  
Dale L. Shaner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Free Acid ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Translocation Experiments ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Laboratory studies were conducted using14C-aminocyclopyrachlor (DPX-MAT28) and its14C-methyl ester formulation (DPX-KJM44) to (1) determine the adjuvants' effects on absorption, (2) compare the absorption and translocation of aminocyclopyrachlor free acid with the methyl ester, and (3) determine the rate at which aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl ester is metabolized to the free acid in Canada thistle. Canada thistle plants were grown from root cuttings and treated in the rosette growth stage. The effect of different adjuvants on absorption was determined by treating individual leaves with formulated herbicide plus14C-herbicide alone or with methylated seed oil (MSO), crop oil concentrate, or nonionic surfactant with and without urea ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate. Plants were harvested 96 h after treatment (HAT). For absorption and translocation experiments, plants were oversprayed with aminocyclopyrachlor or its methyl ester at a rate of 0.14 kg ae ha−1in combination with 1% MSO. Formulated herbicide plus14C-herbicide was then applied to a protected leaf, and plants were harvested 24 to 192 HAT. Plants were harvested and radioactivity was determined in the treated leaf and in aboveground and belowground tissues. Metabolism of aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl ester to the free acid was determined 2, 6, and 24 HAT. All aboveground biomass was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to establish the ratio of methyl ester to free acid. MSO applied with either herbicide formulation resulted in the highest absorption compared with no surfactant. Significantly greater aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl ester was absorbed, compared with the free acid, which was reflected in the greater aboveground translocation for the methyl ester. Both formulations had similar amounts of translocation to the roots, with 8.6% (SE ± 3.3) for the methyl ester compared with 6.2% (SE ± 2.5) for the free acid. Approximately 80% of the methyl ester was converted to the free acid at 6 HAT. Based on this conversion rate, aminocyclopyrachlor translocated as the free acid in Canada thistle.

Effects of picloram on growth and on chlorophyll, RNA, and protein content of plants

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 2039-2044 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Sharma ◽  
W. H. Vanden Born
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Glycine Max L

Foliar application of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) markedly inhibited the growth of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr., cv. Harosoy 63) and Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.). The rates of picloram which caused death of soybean (0.14 kg/hectare) and Canada thistle (0.56 kg/hectare) in 2 weeks caused no marked injury symptoms to barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Parkland). ED50 values of picloram (doses required to reduce growth by half) were 16.1 g/hectare for soybean, 18.2 g/hectare for Canada thistle, and 3.64 kg/hectare for barley.Picloram (250 mg/liter, about 0.30 kg/hectare), both 1 and 3 days after treatment, markedly reduced the chlorophyll content of soybean and Canada thistle plants. RNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein contents of such picloram-treated plants, on the other hand, were increased up to 30% over controls. In barley, picloram had very little effect on chlorophyll, RNA, and protein content.

Absorption, Translocation, and Foliar Activity of Clopyralid and Chlorsulfuron in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) and Perennial Sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 524-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm D. Devine ◽  
William H. Vanden Born
Keyword(s):  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Similar Treatment ◽  
Sonchus Arvensis ◽  
Root Buds

Both14C-clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) and14C-chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzensulfonamide} were readily absorbed by Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR] leaves, with 99 and 75%, respectively, of the applied doses absorbed 144 h after application. Absorbed14C-clopyralid was rapidly exported from the treated leaves, whereas14C-chlorsulfuron was translocated much more slowly. After 144 h, 29% of the applied14C-clopyralid and 5% of the applied14C-chlorsulfuron were recovered in the roots and developing root buds of Canada thistle plants. Smaller amounts of the two herbicides were absorbed and translocated in perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensisL. ♯ SONAR) than in Canada thistle. More14C-clopyralid than14C-chlorsulfuron was absorbed and translocated out of treated leaves of perennial sowthistle, but equal amounts, 3 to 4% of the applied doses, were recovered in the roots and root buds 144 h after application. Foliar applications of clopyralid, followed by removal of the treated shoot 24, 72, or 144 h after application, markedly reduced shoot regrowth in both Canada thistle and perennial sowthistle. Similar treatment with chlorsulfuron did not prevent shoot regrowth in either species.

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