Influence of Soil Temperature, Soil Moisture, and Seed Burial Depth on the Emergence of Round-Leaved Mallow (Malva pusilla)

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 518-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Blackshaw
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Seed Burial ◽  
Rate Of Emergence

A study was conducted under controlled environmental conditions to determine the effect of soil temperature, soil moisture, and depth of seed burial on the emergence of round-leaved mallow. Emergence occurred from 5 to 30 C but was optimal at 15 to 20 C. Soil moisture had a greater effect than soil temperature on percentage emergence. Emergence progressively declined below a soil water content of −0.28 MPa, with less than 20% emergence attained at −1.03 to −1.53 MPa. In contrast, rate of emergence of round-leaved mallow was affected more by soil temperature than by moisture. A decrease in temperature from 30 to 5 C increased the time to reach 50% emergence by 10 to 12 days over the moisture regime of this study. Emergence was greatest at depths of 0.5 to 2 cm. No emergence occurred at 8 cm or below. The potential of using the findings of this study to develop cultural control strategies for round-leaved mallow is discussed.

Soil Temperature, Soil Moisture, and Seed Burial Depth Effects on Redstem Filaree (Erodium cicutarium) Emergence

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Blackshaw
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Seed Burial ◽  
Erodium Cicutarium ◽  
Rate Of Emergence ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Depth Effects

A study was conducted under controlled environmental conditions to determine the effect of soil temperature, soil moisture, and depth of seed burial on the emergence of redstem filaree. Emergence occurred from 5 to 30 C but was optimal at 5 to 15 C. Redstem filaree emergence was optimal in moist soil with water contents of −0.03 to −0.28 MPa. Emergence progressively decreased as soil moisture was lowered below these levels, with less than 25% emergence attained at −1.53 MPa regardless of soil temperature. Almost no germination was observed in warm (30 C), dry (-1.03 to −1.53 MPa) soils. Rate of emergence was affected more by soil temperature than by moisture. A decrease in temperature from 20 to 5 C increased the time to reach 50% emergence by 6 to 8 d but a decrease in soil moisture from −0.03 to −1.53 MPa increased the time to reach 50% emergence by only 1 to 2 d. Emergence was greatest at soil depths of 1 cm or less. No emergence occurred at depths of 8 cm or below.

scholarly journals Soil Moisture Sensor Test with Mississippi Delta Soils

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-370
Author(s):  
Ruixiu Sui ◽  
Horace C. Pringle ◽  
Edward M. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Mississippi Delta ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling

Abstract. One of the methods for irrigation scheduling is to use sensors to measure the soil moisture level in the plant root zone and apply water if there is a water shortage for the plants. The measurement accuracy and reliability of the soil moisture sensors are critical for sensor-based irrigation management. This study evaluated the measurement accuracy and repeatability of the EC-5 and 5TM soil volumetric water content (SVWC) sensors, the MPS-2 and 200SS soil water potential (SWP) sensors, and the 200TS soil temperature sensor. Six 183 cm × 183 cm × 71 cm wooden compartments were built inside a greenhouse, and each compartment was filled with one type of soil from the Mississippi Delta. A total of 66 sensors with 18 data loggers were installed in the soil compartments to measure SVWC, SWP, and soil temperature. Soil samples were periodically collected from the compartments to determine SVWC using the gravimetric method. SVWC measured by the sensors was compared with that determined by the gravimetric method. The SVWC readings from the sensors had a linear regression relationship with the gravimetric SVWC (r2 = 0.82). This relationship was used to calibrate the sensor readings. The SVWC and SWP sensors could detect the general trend of soil moisture changes. However, their measurements varied significantly among the sensors. To obtain accurate absolute soil moisture measurements, the sensors require individual and soil-specific calibration. The 5TM, MPS-2, and 200TS sensors performed well in soil temperature measurement tests. Individual temperature readings from these sensors were very close to the mean of all sensor readings. Keywords: Irrigation, Sensors, Soil types, Soil water content, Soil water potential.

Effect of environmental factors on shoot emergence and vegetative growth of alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxcroides)

Weed Science ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianying Shen ◽  
Mingquan Shen ◽  
Xiuhong Wang ◽  
Yitong Lu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Shoot Emergence

Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the effect of temperature, soil moisture, light, planting depth, and rhizome water content on shoot emergence and vegetative growth of alligatorweed. Optimum shoot emergence and growth occurred at constant 30 C, and no shoot emergence was found below constant 5 C. A maximum shoot emergence of 93% occurred at constant soil moisture of 30% with temperatures of 10 to 35 C. Shoot emergence and growth decreased as rhizome water content decreased, and shoot emergence did not occur below a rhizome water content of 20%. Shoot emergence and growth decreased with burial depth; shoot emergence was above 90% when rhizomes were buried 0.5 to 1.0 cm deep compared to 16% when they were buried 18 cm deep. Alligatorweed shoot emergence and vegetative growth were not significantly affected by light. In the fields, shoot emergence began in late March and culminated in May and June. These data help explain why this species is most commonly found in crop fields, orchards, roadsides, rivers, lakes, ponds, and irrigation canals. This information may aid in the development of more effective management measures, such as bringing alligatorweed rhizomes to the surface or below 20 cm deep to restrain its emergence and growth at winter or summer plowing.

Tissue water relations of Pinusponderosa and Arctostaphylospatula exposed to various levels of soil moisture depletion

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1495-1502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Anderson ◽  
John A. Helms
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Tissue Elasticity ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Turgor Loss Point ◽  
Moisture Availability ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

The tissue water relations of Pinusponderosa Dougl. ex Laws, (ponderosa pine) and Arctostaphylospatula Greene (greenleaf manzanita) seedlings subjected to three levels of soil moisture availability were monitored over a 6-month period. Throughout the study, osmotic potentials at full turgor and at the turgor loss point were approximately 0.5 MPa greater for pine than for manzanita. Osmotic adjustment occurred for both species as evidenced by declines in osmotic potentials at full turgor and at the turgor loss point of 0.5–0.6 MPa over the study period. Pine maintained higher bulk tissue elasticity and lower water content at the turgor loss point relative to manzanita. Moisture regime had little effect on the measured parameters except for apoplasmic water content which increased at moderate and high stress levels for both species. Results suggest that osmotic adjustment occurred, at least partially, as a result of factors other than moisture availability. The lower tissue elasticity and higher water content at the turgor loss point for manzanita suggest that the shrub species is more dependent upon high foliar water content for the maintenance of turgor compared with the conifer.

scholarly journals PERANAN EKOLOGI DUSUNG DAN NON DUSUNG DAN KONTRIBUSINYA PADA KONSERVASI LINGKUNGAN DI DESA URENG KECAMATAN LEIHITU KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-48
Author(s):  
Napsiah Heluth ◽  
J. Matinahoru ◽  
Fransina Latumahina
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Soil Macrofauna ◽  
Organic C

The research study aims to determine the ecological conditions of dusung and non dusung, and the role of the contribution to environmental conservation in Ureng Village. The research method used was purposive sampling with observation parameters were microclimate (CO2 content, air temperature, humidity), vegetation conditions and soil conditions (soil temperature, soil moisture, soil pH, soil moisture content, soil macrofauna and organic C) . The results of  Paired of each parameter measured mostly show a smaller calculated t value compared to the t0.05 table value (1.8595) which means that the parameter is not a real difference, ie for the air humidity, t count = 0.27,; soil pH, t count = 0.6; soil macrofauna, t count = -0.66 and vegetation, t count = 1.01. As for the parameters of CO2; air temperature, soil temperature, , soil water content and organic C, t value of CO2 gives the value t count = - 16.06; air temperature = -5.11; soil temperature = -3.62; soil moisture, t count = 2,16; soil water content = 8.47, and C-Organic = 8.53; t count value which is greater than t table value which shows that there is a significant difference between CO2, air temperature, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil water content and C-Organic content in the dusung area which is greater than in the non-dusung area. From the results of the analysis it is known that dusung has a better role in environmental conservation when compared to non dusung which is indicated by the value of CO2 air temperature, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil water content and C-organic content.

scholarly journals Effect of weather variability on growth and yield of wheat crop under semi-arid region of India

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-131
Author(s):  
ANANTA VASHISTH ◽  
AVINASH GOYAL ◽  
P. KRISHANAN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Relative Water

For generating different weather conditions during various phenological stages, experiments were conducted on two varieties of wheat (HD-2967 and HD-3086) sown on three different dates at the research farm of IARI, New Delhi during rabi 2015-16 and 2016-17. Soil temperature, soil moisture, leaf area index, biomass, chlorophyll content, radiation interceptions were measured during different crop growth stages. Number of days taken for each phenological stage was observed and thermal time for different phenological stages were calculated. Results showed that first sown crop had higher value of crop growth parameters and yield as compared to second and third sown crop.HD-3086 had higher value of LAI, biomass and yield than HD-2967. Grain yield had significant positive correlation with growing degree days during grain filling stage. Soil temperature measured at 2.21 PMat 5, 10, 15, 20 cm depth had 1-5°C lower value than the air temperature. Soil moisture measured at 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm depths had slightly higher soil moisture for HD-3086 as compared to corresponding value in HD-2967 during emergence, flowering and grain filling stages. Percentage relative water content in HD-2967 was found to be higher in first sown crop followed by second and third sown crop. However, in HD-3086, percentage relative water content was found to be higher in first sown crop followed by third and second sown crop. Grain yield had significant positive correlation with relative water content during different phenological stages. HD-3086hadhigherradiation use efficiency as compared to HD-2967 in all weather conditions.

scholarly journals How do Soil Moisture and Vegetation Covers Influence Soil Temperature in Drylands of Mediterranean Regions?

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Lozano-Parra ◽  
Manuel Pulido ◽  
Carlos Lozano-Fondón ◽  
Susanne Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Interactions between land and atmosphere directly influence hydrometeorological processes and, therefore, the local climate. However, because of heterogeneity of vegetation covers these feedbacks can change over small areas, becoming more complex. This study aims to define how the interactions between soil moisture and vegetation covers influence soil temperatures in very water-limited environments. In order to do that, soil water content and soil temperature were continuously monitored with a frequency of 30 min over two and half hydrological years, using capacitance and temperature sensors that were located in open grasslands and below tree canopies. The study was carried out on three study areas located in drylands of Mediterranean climate. Results highlighted the importance of soil moisture and vegetation cover in modifying soil temperatures. During daytime and with low soil moisture conditions, daily maximum soil temperatures were, on average, 7.1 °C lower below tree canopies than in the air, whereas they were 4.2 °C higher in grasslands than in the air. As soil wetness decreased, soil temperature increased, although this effect was significantly weaker below tree canopies than in grasslands. Both high soil water content and the effect of shading were reflected in a decrease of maximum soil temperatures and of their daily amplitudes. Statistical analysis emphasized the influence of soil temperature on soil water reduction, regardless of vegetation cover. If soil moisture deficits become more frequent due to climate change, variations in soil temperature could increase, affecting hydrometeorological processes and local climate.

scholarly journals Exchange of carbonyl sulfide (COS) between the atmosphere and various soils in China

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 753-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Liu ◽  
C. Geng ◽  
Y. Mu ◽  
Y. Zhang ◽  
Z. Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Carbonyl Sulfide ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Paddy Soils ◽  
Laboratory Simulation ◽  
Emission Rates

Abstract. Using a dynamic enclosure, the exchange rates of carbonyl sulfide (COS) between the atmosphere and 18 soils from 12 provinces in China were investigated. The emission or uptake of COS from the soils was highly dependent on the soil type, soil temperature, soil moisture, and atmospheric COS mixing ratio. In general, with the only exception being paddy soils, the soils in this investigation acted as sinks for atmospheric COS under wide ranges of soil temperature and soil moisture. Two intensively investigated wheat soils and one forest soil had optimal soil temperatures for COS uptake of around 15 °C, and the optimal soil water content varied from 13% to 58%. COS emission rates from the two paddy soils increased exponentially with increment of the soil temperature, and decreased with increasing the soil water content. However, negligible emission was found when the paddy soils were under waterlogging status. The observed compensation points for various soils were different and increased significantly with soil temperature. The laboratory simulation agreed with the preliminary field measurements for the paddy soil in Jiaxing, Zhejiang province.

EFFECT OF SOIL WATER CONTENT ON THE WINTER SURVIVAL OF WINTER WHEAT, RYE AND TRITICALE

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
YVES CLOUTIER ◽  
ANDRÉ COMEAU ◽  
MICHÈLE BERNIER-CARDOU ◽  
DENIS A. ANGERS
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Ice Encasement ◽  
Wilting Point

A field study was conducted to determine the effect of soil moisture on the survival of three winter cereal species. Treatments were applied by watering and weighing the soil to the desired water content. Plants were overwintered in a plastic greenhouse in 1988 and in 1989, in which the air was not heated, but the soil was slightly heated on cold days to avoid very low temperatures. Soil temperature did not fall below −16 °C. Soil temperature rate of change was dependent on moisture content. Puma winter rye and Otrastajuskaja 38 winter wheat were the hardiest, followed by Wintri winter triticale and Norstar winter wheat. Harus winter wheat was less hardy, and Champlein winter wheat was totally winter killed. The highest survival rate was obtained at moderate to high soil moisture content. The soil contained 44% water at field capacity and 19% at the wilting point. The drier the soil in the range 13–23%, the greater the mortality indicating a negative effect of long-term drought on plant survival. By contrast, the wettest treatments: 58% and partial ice encasement, did not reduce survival. However, total ice encasement killed 50–75% of the plants depending on the cultivar. There was an interaction between cultivar and moisture treatment. The data suggest that a moisture level intermediate between the wilting point and field capacity should be sought in studies of cold hardiness.Key words: Moisture, winterkill, ice encasement, wheat, rye, triticale

Prediction of evaporation with the CONSEVB simulation-model - an experimental evaluation

Soil Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
HP Cresswell ◽  
DJ Painter ◽  
KC Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
Moisture Characteristic ◽  
Water Contents

The CONSERVB simulation model was evaluated by comparing predictions of evaporation, net radiation, and water and temperature profiles with measured values from a bare, tilled soil in New Zealand conditions. No model calibration was used whatsoever. The assessment included tests of the sensitivity of output to variations (uncertainty) in input parameters. On 18 of the 24 days simulated, evaporation was within 0.5 mm day-1 of the measured means, although that represented less than 20% error on only 6 days. The mean difference between measured and simulated surface soil temperature for the two drying cycles was 1.2 and 1.3�C; most of this error occurred in warm conditions around noon each day. Simulated soil temperature at 0.05 m exceeded measured values during the warmest parts of the day and fell below them at night. Soil temperature prediction was sensitive to the air temperature and solar radiation climatic inputs. Evaporation prediction was sensitive to initial profile water contents, to the soil moisture characteristic and to the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity inputs. An increase in the water content at each matric potential step in the soil moisture characteristic input by a factor of 1.10 resulted in an increase in simulated cumulative evaporation of over 40%. For the prediction of evaporation and soil water content, field effort in the measurement of the soil hydraulic properties and initial water contents (where simulations are short) for model parameterization is likely to give the highest cost-benefit. Very accurate determinations of these input parameters and functions are required for model evaluation. Given the sensitivities, and the uncertainties associated with measurement and prediction of model input parameters, the predictions from CONSERVB have large uncertainties associated with them. Field-measured values of cumulative evaporation were within the range of variation in predicted values that resulted from uncertainty in determination of initial soil water contents alone. CONSERVB is more applicable to an operations research modelling approach than to prediction of evaporation and surface water contents in specific conditions.

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