Developmental and Environmental Effects on Assimilate Partitioning in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Tworkoski
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Assimilate Partitioning ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Flower Bud

Under field conditions, more photoassimilate moved to roots of Canada thistle at the bolt than at the bud, flower, or postflower stages. Similarly, greater photoassimilate accumulated in roots of Canada thistle in the greenhouse at the rosette and bolt than at the flower bud stage. Growth chamber experiments indicated that environmental conditions typical of fall, and possibly early spring, favored photoassimilate movement to the root and superseded growth stage control of assimilate partitioning. Allocation of assimilate within the root was strongly influenced by growth stage, with most assimilate being utilized for growth at the rosette stage and for fructan reserves in bolt and flower bud stages.

Combination Effects of Low Rates of Fluridone and Bentazon

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-170
Author(s):  
J. P. Sterrett
Keyword(s):  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Combination Effects ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Environment Chamber

The response of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL. #3CYPES) and Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. # CIRAR] to combinations of low rates of fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone} and bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,l,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] was determined in a controlled environment chamber and on Canada thistle in the field. In the growth chamber, injury to yellow nutsedge was increased with 24 g ai/ha fluridone combined with 323 g ai/ha bentazon. Either 2.7 or 5.4 g/ha fluridone combined with 27 g/ha bentazon caused uniform injury to Canada thistle. In the field, the combinations of 5.6 g/ha fluridone with either 28 or 2800 g/ha bentazon was phytotoxic to Canada thistle.

Effects of Plant Growth Stage on Chlorsulfuron Suppression of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Shoots and Roots

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy K. Zuris ◽  
Robert G. Wilson ◽  
Lenis A. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Made In ◽  
Fall Growth

Field research was conducted to evaluate the performance of chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} applied to established Canada thistle plants [Cirsium arvenseL. scop. # CIRAR] in the spring or fall to young vegetative shoots, and in June to plants in the bud growth stage. Canada thistle shoot densities measured in the spring following chlorsulfuron applications the previous year were lower when chlorsulfuron was applied in the bud and fall growth stage as compared to applications made in the spring to young vegetative shoots. Suppression of Canada thistle shoots from chlorsulfuron application during the bud and fall growth stage increased with rate, and was greatest at 269 g ai/ha. Chlorsulfuron applied at 269 g/ha at the fall growth stage only partially controlled the root system of Canada thistle.

COMPARISON OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.) GROWTH AND NITROGEN PARAMETERS UNDER HYDROPONIC AND FIELD CONDITIONS

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-651
Author(s):  
R. T. WEILAND ◽  
A. M. McCLUNG
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

A comparison of biomass and nitrogen (N) parameters from 23 maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds was conducted between hydroponic culturing during two growth chamber studies and soil in the field for two harvests during 1984. The growth chamber studies and first field harvests were sampled at a similar growth stage (approximately nine-leaf); the second field harvest was at anthesis. Shoot dry matter accumulation was greater under hydroponic than under field conditions at a similar vegetative growth stage. Significant inbred differences for shoot biomass, reduced and total N contents and reduced and total N concentrations were determined for the growth chamber and both field harvests. Correlation coefficients were low and not significant (P < 0.05) between inbred parameters in the growth chamber and in the field. In summary, traits from hydroponic plants were not predictive of those from field plants. However, N parameters and biomass of inbreds harvested in the field at a mid-vegetative stage were predictive of inbred performance at anthesis.Key words: Zea mays L., maize, biomass, nitrogen, field, hydroponic

Effect of Bud vs Rosette Growth Stage on Translocation of14C-Glyphosate in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Apical Portion ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Shoot Tissue ◽  
Basal Portion

The effect of photoperiod and growth stage on translocation of14C-glyphosate was compared in Canada thistle plants at the bud and rosette stage of growth. Canada thistle plants grown under controlled environment conditions with a 10 h photoperiod remained as low growing rosettes and developed a mature root system. When the photoperiod for half of these plants was increased to 16 h, stem elongation occurred and flowering was initiated. Growth stage at the time of application affected the distribution of14C-glyphosate within the elongated shoot and between the shoot and root. The shoot tissue of the bud stage plants contained 25.9% of the14C-glyphosate recovered, while the rosette plants contained only 3.6%; a seven-fold difference.14C-glyphosate was applied to leaves 19 and 20, which corresponded to the mid-point of the elongated stem of the bud-stage plants. In the bud-stage plants,14C-glyphosate moved preferentially into the apical portion of the stem, with three to four times as much in the apical portion of the elongated stem as in the basal portion. In the roots, the effect of growth stage on distribution of14C-glyphosate was reversed, application at the rosette stage resulted in a four-fold increase in the amount of14C-glyphosate in the root. When applied in the rosette stage, 19.1% of the14C-glyphosate detected was in the root compared to only 4.9% when applied at the bud stage. Although the root of the rosette plants was larger than in bud-stage plants, the concentration of14C-glyphosate in the root tissue of the rosette plants was three times greater. Photoperiod indirectly affected the distribution of14C-glyphosate in Canada thistle by its effect on growth.

Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Response to Simulated Insect Defoliation and Plant Competition

Weed Science ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ban N. Ang ◽  
Loke T. Kok ◽  
Golde I. Holtzman ◽  
Dale D. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Combined Stresses

The combined influence of plant competition and defoliation on development of Canada thistle was investigated in a 2-yr field study. Plant competition was induced by seeding tall fescue and crown vetch. Artificial defoliation was used to simulate various levels of leaf removal by insects. Both defoliation and induced competition reduced biomass of Canada thistle but their impact varied with environmental conditions. Defoliation had a greater detrimental influence than induced competition on thistle biomass in a dry year when growth of the plant competitors was suppressed. In a wet year, induced competition was more important in suppressing Canada thistle than defoliation, and moderate levels of defoliation (25%), applied once when the thistles were 12 to 15 cm in diam, stimulated root weight within the top 20 cm of soil. Reduction in thistle biomass increased with level of defoliation and was greatest when defoliation was applied repeatedly at 14-d intervals in the presence of induced competition. Crown vetch showed very little growth in one season and tall fescue was the primary source of competition for the thistles. The results confirm the hypothesis that combined stresses can substantially reduce biomass development of Canada thistle plants.

Translocation of14C-Glyphosate and14CO2-Labeled Photoassimilates in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray S. McAllister ◽  
Lloyd C. Haderlie
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Shoot Tissue ◽  
Treated Leaf

Translocation of14CO2-labeled photoassimilates was compared to movement of14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] in Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR] under field and controlled-environment conditions. Field-grown Canada thistle plants were treated on mature upper leaves at the midflower stage in mid-June and harvested 8 days later. No differences were found in glyphosate and assimilate distribution, and movement was primarily basipetal. Of the glyphosate and photoassimilates translocated from the treated leaves, 25 and 31%, respectively, were recovered from the roots, while 59 and 58%, respectively, were found in the shoot tissue below the treated leaf. Concentration of labeled glyphosate in the roots as much as 95 cm from the treated shoot was as high as at the base of the treated shoot. Photoperiods that induce flowering (15 h) or maintain vegetative growth (13 h) did not differentially affect the distribution of photoassimilates or glyphosate in 7-week-old Canada thistle plants in the growth chamber. In growth chamber-grown plants equivalent amounts of glyphosate and assimilates were translocated out of treated leaves; however, relatively more glyphosate than photoassimilates accumulated in the roots.

THE ROOT SYSTEM OF CANADA THISTLE

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1199-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. NADEAU ◽  
W. H. VANDEN BORN
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Root Buds ◽  
Number Of Shoots

The severity of infestations of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) can be predicted by determining the potential of its root system to expand and produce new shoots. The root systems of young and old plants of Canada thistle were observed under field conditions found in Alberta. Eighteen-week-old plants grown in 1985 and 1986 had an average of 26 aboveground shoots, 154 underground shoots, and 111 m of roots with a diameter larger than 0.5 mm. The number of root buds and the regenerative capacity of the roots varied between years. Four times as many nonemerged root buds per meter of root were present on plants grown in 1986 compared to 1985, and 50% more shoots per meter were produced from 10-cm-long root fragments collected from 18-wk-old plants in 1986 than in 1985. On average, an 18-wk-old plant had the potential of producing 930 shoots if its root system was cut into 10-cm-long pieces. The depth reached by roots in a 10-yr-old stand was about 2 m, with the major part of the root system being below the top 20 cm of soil. There was no correlation between the number of root buds present at sampling time and the number of shoots produced from root fragments planted in pots in the greenhouse. An average of eight shoots per meter of root was produced, irrespective of sampling depth.Key words: Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense, root buds, root system, regenerative capacity

Puccinia punctiformisAffects Growth and Reproduction of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary F. Thomas ◽  
Thomas J. Tworkoski ◽  
Richard C. French ◽  
Gerald R. Leather
Keyword(s):  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Puccinia Punctiformis ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

In growth chamber research, infection byPuccinia punctiformis, a rust fungus, reduced flowering and vegetative reproduction in Canada thistle. Disease symptoms were greatest when Canada thistle roots were stored at 5, 10, or 15 C following inoculation. Exposure of roots to different temperatures before inoculation did not affect disease. All Canada thistle clones tested, regardless of gender became diseased although there were differences in susceptibility toP. punctiformis.

Enhanced Response of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) to Bentazon or Glyphosate by Gibberellin

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 396-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Sterrett ◽  
Richard H. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Bean Plants

Gibberellin-enhanced response of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Black Valentine’) and Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.] to bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] and glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] was determined on both species under controlled photoperiods in the growth chamber and on Canada thistle under natural conditions in the field. Pretreatment of bean plants in the growth chamber with 10 mg/L gibberellin (GA3or GA4/7) more than doubled the herbicidal effect of 1600 mg/L bentazon treatments. Pretreatment of Canada thistle plants in the growth chamber with 100 mg/L GA4/7increased the herbicidal effect of 50 mg/L bentazon applications more than four-fold, and that of 400 mg/L glyphosate applications by more than two-fold. The phytotoxicity of bentazon to field-grown Canada thistle increased 10% or more in populations pretreated with 25 g/ha gibberellin; and that of 840 g/ha glyphosate was similarly increased. The effectiveness of a higher glyphosate dosage (1680 g/ha) was not significantly increased by GA pretreatment. Plants induced to bolt with gibberellin (GA4/7) were injured more by bentazon than were plants that bolted naturally.

scholarly journals Spikelet sterility in rice genotypes affected by temperature at microsporogenesis

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 817-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia M. de Souza ◽  
Rubens Marschalek ◽  
Luis Sangoi ◽  
Francieli S. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Variance Analysis ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
F Test ◽  
Spikelet Sterility ◽  
Rice Genotypes

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effect of temperatures during the phase of microsporogenesis on spikelet sterility of paddy rice and identified genotypes tolerant to low temperatures at this growth stage. The inbreds SC681, SC491, and SC676 and the cultivars Epagri 109 and SCS116 Satoru were assessed. The genotypes were submitted for three days in a growth chamber to five temperatures at microsporogenesis: 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 oC. For each tested temperature, a control was kept in the greenhouse under environmental conditions. After harvest, full and empty spikelets were counted and weighed and the percentage of spikelet sterility was determined. Data were evaluated by variance analysis using the F test. Averages were compared by Tukey’s test and regression analysis. The highest spikelet sterilities were observed when the genotypes were exposed to the temperatures of 9 and 12 oC. Genotype spikelet sterility was similar to that of the control at 21 ºC. The inbred SC 676 presented higher tolerance to lower temperatures is therefore potentially suited to generate a cultivar with adequate agronomic performance in rice growing areas prone to cold conditions at microsporogenesis.

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