The Effects of Naturally Occurring Phenolic Compounds on Seed Germination

Caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, coumarin,p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, fumaric acid, gallic acid, hydrocinnamic acid,p-hydroxybenzoic acid, juglone, and pyrocatechol were examined for effects on germination of nine crop and weed species: cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.), cantaloupe (Cucumis meloL.), corn (Zea maysL.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench], hemp sesbania [Sesbania exaltata(Raf.) Cary], sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic), prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.). Germination tests with 10-3and 10-5M solutions were conducted under controlled conditions in petri dishes at 25 C in the dark. At 10-3M, coumarin, hydrocinnamic acid, juglone and pyrocatechol inhibited germination, butp-hydroxybenzaldehyde andp-hydroxybenzoic acid were not effective and others had intermediate effects. There was little effect by any compound at 10-5M. Chlorogenic acid,p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and pyrocatechol, each combined with coumarin, inhibited germination. The combination of coumarin plusp-hydroxybenzaldehyde had an additive effect on hemp sesbania and prickly sida, inhibiting germination to a greater extent than either compound alone. The lack of inhibitory action at the higher concentration of some of these chemicals suggests they may not exhibit a high allelopathic potential.

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Glyphosate and Paraquat Effects on Weed Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450004981x ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 249-251 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

G. H. Egley ◽

R. D. Williams

Keyword(s):

Seedling Emergence ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Sorghum Halepense ◽

Weed Species ◽

Sida Spinosa ◽

Broadleaf Species ◽

Prickly Sida ◽

Grass Weed ◽

Weed Emergence

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] (30, 125, 250 mg/L) in petri dishes had no effect on germination of prickly sida(Sida spinosaL.), velvetleaf(Abutilon theophrastiMedic), barnyardgrass [Echinocloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv.] and johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] seeds, but additional experimentation indicated that glyphosate stimulated germination of redroot pigweed(Amaranthus retroflexusL.) seeds. Paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) (30, 125, 250 mg/L) did not affect germination of the three broadleaf species, but inhibited johnsongrass and barnyardgrass germination. In the greenhouse, soil surface applications of glyphosate (1.1, 2.2, 9.0 kg/ha) did not significantly affect emergence of these five weed species when they were on or beneath the soil surface at time of treatment. Paraquat (same rates) did not affect broadleaf weed emergence but some rates inhibited grass weed emergence when the seeds were treated while on the soil surface. It is unlikely that normal field use rates of glyphosate will influence weed emergence; whereas paraquat may inhibit the emergence of some grass weeds if the herbicide contacts seeds on the soil surface.

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Influence of Time of Planting and Distance from the Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Row of Pitted Morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa), Prickly Sida (Sida spinosa), and Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) on Competitiveness with Cotton

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500061245 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 28 (5) ◽

pp. 568-572 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

G. A. Buchanan ◽

J. E. Street ◽

R. H. Crowley

Keyword(s):

Gossypium Hirsutum ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Weed Species ◽

Ipomoea Lacunosa ◽

Redroot Pigweed ◽

Weed Growth ◽

Pitted Morningglory ◽

Sida Spinosa ◽

Prickly Sida

Influence of time of planting and distance from the cotton row of pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosaL.), prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) on yield of seed cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213’) was determined on Decatur clay loam during 1975 through 1978. Weed growth was measured in 1977 and 1978. Seeds of the three weed species were planted 15, 30, or 45 cm from the cotton row at time of planting cotton or 4 weeks later. Weeds planted 4 weeks after planting cotton grew significantly less than did weeds planted at the same time as cotton. When planted with cotton, redroot pigweed produced over twice as much fresh weight as did prickly sida or pitted morningglory. The distance that weeds were planted from the cotton row did not affect weed growth in 1978, but did in 1977. The distance that weeds were planted from the cotton row did not affect their competitiveness in any year as measured by yield of cotton. However, in each year, yields of cotton were reduced to a greater extent by weeds planted with cotton than when planted 4 weeks later. In 3 of 4 yr, there were significant differences in competitiveness of each of the three weed species with cotton.

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Weed Seed Germination Under Simulated Drought

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500027090 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 322-324 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

C. S. Hoveland ◽

G. A. Buchanan

Keyword(s):

Weed Seed ◽

Weed Species ◽

Pennisetum Typhoides ◽

Ipomoea Lacunosa ◽

Sesbania Exaltata ◽

Simulated Drought ◽

Sorghum Sudangrass ◽

Sida Spinosa ◽

Prickly Sida ◽

Better Than

Seeds of five crop and 17 weed species were germinated with 0, 3, 6, and 10-bar water solutions of polyethylene glycol to simulate drought. With simulated drought, most weed species germinated better than soybeans (Glycine maxL. ‘Hampton 266A’) but were not equal to pearlmillet [Pennisetum typhoides(Burm.) Stapf. and C. E. Hubb ‘Millex 23’] or sorghum-sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench xS. sudanense(Piper) ‘SX-16’]. Prickly sida (Sida spinosaL,), sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.), andIpomoea lacunosaL. were the most tolerant weed species to simulated drought. Four species were intermediate in tolerance and four species germinated poorly under simulated drought. Hemp sesbania [Sesbania exaltata(Raf.) Cory] was the least tolerant and was similar to soybean.

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Efficacy of Acifluorfen on Broadleaf Weeds. Times and Methods for Application

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500041096 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 520-526 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Steve D. Lee ◽

Lawrence R. Oliver

Keyword(s):

Field Tests ◽

Alkyl Aryl ◽

Sesbania Exaltata ◽

Pitted Morningglory ◽

Cucurbita Texana ◽

Comparable Control ◽

Hemp Sesbania ◽

Sida Spinosa ◽

The One ◽

Prickly Sida

In field tests, common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) was controlled at the one- and two-leaf stages with 0.3 kg/ha acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid}. Four-leaf common cocklebur required 1.1 kg/ha for comparable control. Acifluorfen at 0.6 and 0.8 kg/ha controlled 96 and 90% of entireleaf morningglory [Ipomoea hederacea(L.) Jacq. var.integriuscula] atone- and two-leaf stages, respectively, but control was reduced as plants aged. Dark applications (2100 h) were more effective than those at sun-up (0600 h) or midday (1200 h) in control of hemp sesbania [Sesbania exaltata(Raf.) Cory], pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosaL.), and smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridusL.). Hour of application had no significant influence on control of common cocklebur or prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.). An increase in surfactant (80% alkyl aryl polyoxyethylene glycols) concentration enhanced acifluorfen control of entireleaf morningglory and Texas gourd [Cucurbita texana(A.) Gray] at the 0.3-kg/ha rate applied 2 weeks after emergence. Soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] injury was increased with the 1.1-kg/ha rate when surfactant concentration was increased from 0.5 to 0.75%. Increasing the spray volume increased pitted morningglory control but decreased hemp sesbania control. In the growth chamber, better control of pitted morningglory and common cocklebur was obtained at high (35 C day, 26 C night) than at low temperatures (27 C day, 18 C night) when plants were treated 1 week after emergence.

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Diurnal Leaf Movement Effects on Spray Interception and Glyphosate Efficacy

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00046042 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 466-470 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Jason K. Norsworthy ◽

Lawrence R. Oliver ◽

Larry C. Purcell

Keyword(s):

Nitrate Solution ◽

Potassium Nitrate ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Ipomoea Lacunosa ◽

Sesbania Exaltata ◽

Pitted Morningglory ◽

Potassium Nitrate Solution ◽

Hemp Sesbania ◽

Sida Spinosa ◽

Prickly Sida

Time of day at which a herbicide is applied can affect efficacy, and variability may be attributed to leaf angles at application. Spray interception by hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata), sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia), and prickly sida (Sida spinosa) under day and night conditions was quantified by measuring interception of a 2-M potassium nitrate solution. Following the night application, interception by prickly sida, hemp sesbania, and sicklepod was reduced 17, 67, and 70%, respectively. In a second study in the greenhouse, glyphosate was applied to hemp sesbania, pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa), prickly sida, and sicklepod at 6:00 and 11:00 A.M. and 4:00 and 9:00 P.M. Control of all species was dependent on the time of day treated, with night applications generally being less effective.

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Herbicide-Crop Rotation for Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Control

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500044441 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 479-485 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

J. E. Dale ◽

J. M. Chandler

Keyword(s):

Crop Rotation ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Sorghum Halepense ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Cropping Sequence ◽

Sesbania Exaltata ◽

Common Purslane ◽

Sida Spinosa

The feasibility of herbicide and crop rotation for the control of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] in corn (Zea maysL.) was studied in field experiments. Light infestations of johnsongrass were initially present, but it became the predominant weed after 4 yr of continuous corn treated with atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamine)-s-triazine], cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropionitrile}, and linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea], alone and in combinations at rates of 2.24, 2.24, and 0.84 kg/ha, respectively. The infestation of johnsongrass was effectively controlled by growing corn in rotation with cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) in a cropping sequence of corn-cotton-cotton-corn, in which trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] and MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) at 0.56, 2.24, and 2.24 kg/ha respectively, were used for weed control in cotton. In the corn-cotton-cotton-corn cropping sequence, the herbicide treatments also prevented increases in the populations of other indigeneous weeds including prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.), prostrate spurge (Euphorbia supinaRaf.), spotted spurge (Euphorbia maculataL.), common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.), tall morningglory [Ipomoea purpurea(L.) Roth], common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.), spurred anoda[Anoda cristata(L.) Schlecht.], hemp sesbania [Sesbania exaltata(Raf.) Cory], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), goosegrass [Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertn.], junglerice [Echinochloa colonum(L.) Link], large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.], and purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.).

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Interference between hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) and soybean (Glycine max) in response to irrigation and nitrogen

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500092523 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 91-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

C. Andy King ◽

Larry C. Purcell

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Individual Species ◽

Weed Species ◽

Soybean Yield ◽

Sesbania Exaltata ◽

Competition For Light ◽

Hemp Sesbania ◽

Chamber Studies ◽

Growth Chamber Studies

Soybean yield loss from weed interference depends upon weed density and competitiveness of crop and weed species in response to environment. Soil water availability and nitrogen fertility were evaluated for their effect on competitiveness of individual species in field experiments. Early-season temperatures in 1995, which were cool compared to 1994, slowed hemp sesbania growth without affecting soybean growth. This resulted in negligible competition with soybean by hemp sesbania at densities of 3 or 6 plants m−2. In 1994, hemp sesbania grew above the soybean canopy, decreasing soybean light interception 29 to 68%, and reducing soybean yield 30 to 48%. Fertilizer nitrogen increased soybean competitiveness, as indicated by biomass production, only in irrigated plots with hemp sesbania at 3 m−2, but did not affect soybean yield. Apparently, competition for light is a primary cause of soybean yield loss from hemp sesbania infestations. In growth chamber studies, simulating temperatures from the field, hemp sesbania growth was stimulated more by warm temperatures than was soybean. Hemp sesbania and soybean dry weights increased 4.4- and 2.7-fold, respectively, at 30/20 C day/night temperatures compared to 25/15 C.

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Fusarium lateritium: A Pathogen of Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata), Prickly Sida (Sida spinosa), and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500040170 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 29 (6) ◽

pp. 629-631 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

H. Lynn Walker

Keyword(s):

Abutilon Theophrasti ◽

Weed Species ◽

Disease Symptoms ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Fusarium Lateritium ◽

Hibiscus Trionum ◽

Sida Spinosa ◽

Stem Lesions ◽

Prickly Sida ◽

Anoda Cristata

An isolate ofFusarium lateritium(Nees) emend. Snyder and Hansen was associated with naturally occurring disease of spurred anoda [Anoda cristata(L.) Schlecht.] and prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.) plants. In greenhouse inoculation studies, theFusariumisolate was pathogenic to healthy spurred anoda and prickly sida plants. The disease symptoms were characterized by leaf, stem, and root lesions. The stem lesions enlarged with time and formed cankers that often girdled the stems and killed inoculated plants. In host-range studies, velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.), Venice mallow (Hibiscus trionumL.), okra [Abelmoschus esculentus(L.) Moench], and hollyhock [Althaea rosea(L.) Cav.] were also susceptible to the pathogen. This is the first report of these six species as hosts for this pathogen. Corn (Zea maysL.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. andG. barbadenseL.), soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], and 18 other representative crop and weed species in eight families were resistant to the pathogen.F. lateritiummay be a useful biological herbicide for susceptible malvaceous weeds.

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Temperature Effects on Growth and Leaf Production in Three Weed Species

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500059749 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 32 (5) ◽

pp. 655-663 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Elizabeth P. Flint ◽

David T. Patterson ◽

David A. Mortensen ◽

George H. Riechers ◽

Jan L. Beyers

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Leaf Size ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Weed Species ◽

Leaf Production ◽

Sesbania Exaltata ◽

Axillary Branch ◽

Hemp Sesbania ◽

Net Assimilation ◽

Total Dry Weight

Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL. ♯6CASOB), hemp sesbania [Sesbania exaltata(Raf.) Cory ♯ SEBEX], and showy crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilisRoth. ♯ CVTSP) were grown in controlled-environment greenhouses with day/night temperatures of 23/17, 26/20, 29/23, and 32/26 C. Plant height, leaf area, and total dry weight at 53 days after planting increased significantly with temperatures between 23/17 and 29/23 C in sicklepod and showy crotalaria, and between 23/17 and 32/26 C in hemp sesbania. In all species, leaves were produced more rapidly as temperature increased. Axillary branch leaf production was greatest at 29/23 C in sicklepod, and at 29/23 and 26/20 C in showy crotalaria; hemp sesbania showed little axillary branch development. Total dry-matter production in all species was closely correlated with leaf area duration, but not with net assimilation rate. Differences in total main stem leaf area in all species were primarily due to differences in leaf number rather than to differences in leaf size at maturity.

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SELECTIVE BROADLEAF WEED CONTROL IN GROUNDCOVERS

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.3.498a ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 498A-498 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Christina Walsworth ◽

Edward Bush ◽

Ronald Strahan ◽

Ann Gray

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

The Other ◽

Economic Issue ◽

Herbicide Application ◽

Weed Species ◽

Control Data ◽

Sesbania Exaltata ◽

Ophiopogon Japonicus

Selective broadleaf weed control is a major economic issue facing commercial landscapers and homeowners alike. Minimal selective post-emergent weed research has been successful in controlling landscape weeds. The objectives of this experiment were to determine the efficacy of seven selective broadleaf herbicides [nicosulfuron (0.66 oz/acre), flumioxazin (8 oz/acre), penoxsulam (2.3 fl oz/acre), bensulfuron (1.66 oz/acre), glyphosate (1% by volume), sulfentrazone (8 fl oz/acre), trifloxysulfuron (0.56 oz/acre) and the control] and to determine the ornamental phytotoxicity on three groundcover species (Liriope muscari, Ophiopogon japonicus, and Trachelospermum asiaticum). A RCBD design was used with five blocks. Each block was split establishing either mulched or bare soil plots (nonmulched). The ground-covers were established three months before herbicide application. On 29 June 2005, four weed species were evenly seeded into the blocks with one hundred seeds each of Sesbania exaltata, Ipomea hederacea, Amaranthus retroflexus, and Euphorbia maculata. Herbicides were applied using a CO2 backpack type sprayer on 6 Sept. 2005. Plant and weed control data were taken to evaluate phytotoxicity and efficacy at 0, 1, 7, 14, and 28 DAT. On 27 Oct. 2005, weeds were harvested from each plot and dried for a minimum of 48 h and weighed. No significant differences in phytotoxicity were observed on either Liriope muscari or Trachelospermum asiaticum. However, there was a significant increase in phytotoxicity exhibited by the Ophiopogon japonicus treated with sulfentrazone compared to all of the other herbicides. Glyphosate demonstrated the best overall control of all broadleaf weeds except Sesbania, while trifloxysulfuron showed the best control of Sesbania. There were no significant differences in herbicide efficacy between the mulched and nonmulched plots. Further research is being done to measure the effects of herbicide efficacy and phytotoxicity in 2006.

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