Temperature Effects on Growth and Leaf Production in Three Weed Species

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth P. Flint ◽  
David T. Patterson ◽  
David A. Mortensen ◽  
George H. Riechers ◽  
Jan L. Beyers
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Sesbania Exaltata ◽  
Axillary Branch ◽  
Hemp Sesbania ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL. ♯6CASOB), hemp sesbania [Sesbania exaltata(Raf.) Cory ♯ SEBEX], and showy crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilisRoth. ♯ CVTSP) were grown in controlled-environment greenhouses with day/night temperatures of 23/17, 26/20, 29/23, and 32/26 C. Plant height, leaf area, and total dry weight at 53 days after planting increased significantly with temperatures between 23/17 and 29/23 C in sicklepod and showy crotalaria, and between 23/17 and 32/26 C in hemp sesbania. In all species, leaves were produced more rapidly as temperature increased. Axillary branch leaf production was greatest at 29/23 C in sicklepod, and at 29/23 and 26/20 C in showy crotalaria; hemp sesbania showed little axillary branch development. Total dry-matter production in all species was closely correlated with leaf area duration, but not with net assimilation rate. Differences in total main stem leaf area in all species were primarily due to differences in leaf number rather than to differences in leaf size at maturity.

A study of growth in swards of timothy and meadow fescue. I. Uninterrupted growth

1958 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. M. Langer
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Total Dry Weight

1. Swards of S. 48 timothy and S. 215 meadow fescue growing alone or together were sampled at intervals of 3 weeks throughout the season. The number and weight of leaves, stems and ears were determined, and leaf area was estimated.2. Despite high rainfall, the total number of tillers in both species declined from the beginning of the experiment until early July, but increased again from then onwards until the original complement had been approximately restored. The number of leaves failed to show a corresponding increase in the autumn because each tiller carried fewer leaves than earlier in the year.3. In the spring total dry weight increased more rapidly in meadow fescue than in timothy which in turn out-yielded meadow fescue later in the season. Both species attained their greatest dry weight soon after ear emergence, a period which was marked by considerable crop growth and relative growth rates.4. Leaf area index reached a maximum before total dry weight had increased to its highest level, but then declined in both species. Meadow fescue differed from timothy by producing a second crop of foliage after the summer with a leaf area index of about 7. This second rise appeared to be due mainly to increased leaf size in contrast to timothy whose leaves became progressively smaller towards the end of the season.5. The differences in growth between the species discussed with reference to their dates of ear emergence which in this experiment differed by about 6 weeks.

Gibberellic acid induced growth acceleration in Populus hybrids

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 850-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Rood ◽  
G. Daicos ◽  
T. J. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Net Assimilation

Weekly applications of 0.4 mg gibberellic acid (GA) in 8 μL 95% ethanol micropipetted onto shoots of rooted cuttings increased Populuseuramericana (Dode) Guinier height growth by 54% and shoot dry weight by 25% after 21 days. Total leaf area increased by 21% as a result of more rapid leaf production and slightly larger leaf sizes. Root growth was unaffected by GA treatment. The observed GA-induced acceleration resulted from an increase in relative growth rate while mean net assimilation rate was unaffected. Owing to a substantial increase in the number and size of leaves, the leaf area ratio, representing the ratio of photosynthesizing to respiring material, increased. While direct micropipette application of GA promoted height growth and primary shoot dry weight accumulation, GA application through either foliar spray or soil drench also promoted the growth of secondary shoots. Application of GA to shoots was more effective in promoting shoot growth than application through the roots. Direct GA application also promoted the growth of P. alba L. × P. grandidentata Michx. and P. × canescens (Ait.) Smith × P. alba × P. grandidentata. Thus, GA can be used for hastening early growth of these trees under winter greenhouse conditions.

scholarly journals Growth analysis in chard plants (Beta vulgaris L. Cicla, cv. 'Pencas Blancas') exposed to different light quality

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fánor Casierra-Posada ◽  
Esteban Zapata-Casierra ◽  
Daniel A. Chaparro-Chaparro
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Absolute Growth ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight

To determine the effects of light quality on the growth indices of plants, Pencas Blancas cultivar chard plantlets were grown for 2 months under five different light treatments, obtained by filtering sunlight through colored polyethylene films. The treatments included: red, blue, green, yellow and transparent cover colors. A transparent cover (white light) was used as the control. The colored covers affected the plant growth. The plants grown under the yellow cover presented a better behavior with regards to growth, taken as: total dry weight per plant, leaf area, specific leaf area, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, harvestable dry matter and root to shoot ratio. The dry matter partitioning in the leaves and roots was affected by the light quality, but not in the petioles, with a higher accumulation of dry mass in the leaves of plants grown under the yellow cover. As a consequence of the enhanced leaf area in the plants under the yellow cover, they also had the highest water uptake. On the other hand, the highest net assimilation rate value was found in plants grown under the transparent cover. These results open up the possibility of using yellow colored cover in leafy green vegetables, especially in chard plants grown under controlled conditions.

Shading Effects on Growth and Partitioning of Plant Biomass in Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) from Shaded and Exposed Habitats

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 735-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Shading Effects

The growth responses of cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica(L.) Beauv.] were studied in a controlled-environment greenhouse with a day/night temperature of 29/23 C, under full available light and 56 and 11% of full light. The cogongrass plants were grown from stem and rhizome propagules originating from an interstate highway median, a pecan [Carya illinoensis(Wangenh.) K. Koch] plantation, and a pine (Pinusspp.) forest. After 89 days, the plants from all three populations produced, on average, three times as much total dry weight and leaf area in full available sunlight as in 56% full light and 20 times as much as in 11% full light. The distribution of plant biomass into rhizomes decreased with shading, whereas the distribution into leaves increased. The distribution of leaf biomass as leaf area also increased with shading, with the result that the plants grown in 11% full light had leaf area ratios about 2.5 times greater than those grown in full light. Reductions in dry matter production with shading were due to significant reductions in both net assimilation rate and leaf area duration or total amount of leaf area present. The plants from the shaded and exposed habitats generally did not differ significantly in their responses to shading. Thus, there is little evidence for the presence of sun and shade ecotypes in the populations of cogongrass studied.

Effects of Chilling on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), and Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata)

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Patterson ◽  
E. P. Flint
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Anoda Cristata

The effects of short exposures to low temperature on cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213′), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic), and spurred anoda [Anoda cristata(L.) Schlecht.] were studied in controlled environment chambers. A 3-day exposure to 17/13 C day/night temperatures 24 days after planting significantly reduced dry weight, leaf area and height in all three species when compared to control plants maintained at 26/21 C day/night. After subsequent periods of 7 days at 26/21 C and 8 days at 29/23 C, the two weed species recovered in growth more completely than did cotton. Therefore, the weed/crop ratios for dry weight and leaf area were increased by the imposition of the cold treatment. Mathematical analysis of the growth of the three species indicated that the growth reductions during the cold treatment were caused by decreases in both net assimilation rate and leaf area duration. The net photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductances of individual leaves of cotton and velvetleaf were significantly reduced during the cold treatment but recovered to control levels during a subsequent 4-day exposure to 26/21 C. We conclude that the adverse effects of low temperatures on the growth of cotton, velvetleaf, and spurred anoda are caused mainly by reductions in leaf area production. Because of its slower and less complete recovery, cotton is more severely affected by low temperature than either of the two weeds. Our results help explain the observation that velvetleaf and spurred anoda are more competitive with cotton following abnormally cool periods early in the growing season.

Interaction between leaf pruning and fruiting of pot-grown Valencia orange cuttings

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
DH Maggs ◽  
A McEAlexander
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Full Size ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight

The effects of leaf pruning on plants with and without fruit were studied in a 4-month pot trial. Pruning levels were (a) leaves intact, (b) leaves halved, and (c) leaves quartered. Leaves were pruned when they attained full size. Fruiting had no effect on total dry weight increment whereas leaf pruning reduced it. For fruiting trees, however, leaf pruning affected mainly fruit weight, the vegetative increments differing by only 10.7% of their mean. Fruiting had no significant effect on the proportions of leaf, stem, or root but leaf pruning increased the proportion of leaf at the expense of root. The proportion of fruit in the total increment decreased with increasing severity of leaf pruning. The intact defruited plant continued to produce flowers throughout the experiment. The total number of leaves produced was approximately halved by fruiting. The net assimilation rate of intact defruited plants was at least 30% less than that of all other treatments. It is concluded that fruit does not compete successfully for metabolites against a stimulated leaf production.

Competition of Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata) and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) with Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) During Simulated Drought and Recovery

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 658-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Patterson ◽  
Maxine T. Highsmith
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Simulated Drought ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
The Impact

Cotton was grown alone (one plant/pot), in intraspecific competition (two plants/pot), and in interspecific competition with spurred anoda and velvetleaf in controlled-environment chambers, subjected to water stress by withholding water, and allowed to recover before the final harvest. Minimum leaf water potential reached during the drought period ranged from −1.87 MPa in cotton grown alone to −2.63 MPa in velvetleaf grown in intraspecific competition. Water stress reduced plant height, total dry weight, and leaf area in all species, compared to well-watered controls. Reductions in cotton growth due to intra- or interspecific competition were evident by 11 days following the onset of competition. The competitive impact of both weeds tended to increase with time. Growth reductions in cotton due to competition were associated primarily with reductions in leaf area duration; during drought the net assimilation rate also was reduced. Relative yields of cotton confirmed that interspecific competition from the weeds was more severe than intraspecific competition. Imposed drought did not affect the relative competitive abilities of the three species or the impact of the weeds on cotton.

Growth Responses of Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne and Phalaris aquatica to Chronic Ozone Exposure

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 511 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Horsman ◽  
AO Nicholls ◽  
DM Calder
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight

D. glomerata, L. perenne and P. aquatica were exposed to 9 parts per hundred million ozone for 4 h per day on 5 days per week for 5 weeks. The grasses responded similarly and significant changes in growth were generally observed only at the end of the exposure. The changes in growth were accompanied by slight leaf chlorosis. Total dry weight and yield (above-ground dry weight) were significantly reduced (14-21%) by the treatment. Root growth was impaired the most, followed by stem and then leaves. Specific leaf area was generally lower in ozone-treated plants but the difference was not significant. Effects on relative growth rate were mainly due to the decrease in net assimilation rate, leaf area ratio remaining relatively unchanged.

Physiology of seed yield in field beans (Vicia faba L.): II. Dry-matter production

1973 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan M. Ishag
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Field Beans ◽  
Substantial Rise

SummaryDry weight per unit area was related to plant density differences and leaf area duration (LAD) up to pod-setting (late June). Total dry weight and seed dry weight at maturity were not related to total LAD or LAD after pod setting. Seed yield at a node was closely correlated with leaf area at the same node (r = 0·67 to 0·94).Differences in net assimilation rate (NAR) between varieties were not significant. A substantial rise in NAR in July-early August was attributed to additional photosynthesis by pods.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PERTUMBUHAN, ASIMILASI BERSIH DAN PRODUKSI TERUNG (Solanum melongena L.): DOSIS PUPUK KANDANG KAMBING DAN PUPUK NPK

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Tengku Boumedine Hamid Zulkifli ◽  
Koko Tampubolon ◽  
Ahmad Nadhira ◽  
Yunida Berliana ◽  
Erfan Wahyudi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Goat Manure

Growth, Net Assimilation and Yield Analysis of Eggplant(Solanum melongena L.): Dosage of Goat Manure and NPK FertilizerThe research was aimed to obtain the dose of goat manure, NPK fertilizer and the interaction in increasing the growth and yield of eggplant. The research was usedthe randomized block design factorial with the first factor (goat manure) such as K0= 0 ton.ha-1, K1= 10 ton.ha-1, K2= 20 ton.ha-1 and the second factor (NPK Mutiara 16-16-16) such as P0= 0 ton.ha-1, P1= 100 ton.ha-1, P2= 200 ton.ha-1, P3= 300 ton.ha-1 with three replications. This research was conducted at Jl. Eka Rasmi, Medan Johor Subdistrict, Medan, North Sumatra from August until October 2019. The parameters such as plant height, leaf area, fresh weight of root and shoot, dry weight of root and shoot, total dry weight, fruitweight.plant-1, fruit weight.plot-1, crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and net assimilation rate (NAR) wereanalyzed using the ANOVA and the means were followed by DMRT test at the level of 5% used the IBM SPSS Statistics v.20. The results showed an increase in leaf area, fresh weight of shoot, dry weight of root, dry weight of shoot, total dry weight, and fruit weight.plant-1, of eggplant plant with the increasing dose of goat manure up to 20 ton.ha-1of 23.27%; 35.85%; 17.64%; 16.55%; 16.66%; and 17.18%, respectively compared to untreated except plant height. Growth in leaf area, fresh weight of shoot, dry weight of root, dry weight of shoot, total dry weight, fruit weight.plant-1 and fruit weight.plot-1of eggplant plant were increased with increasing NPK fertilizer dosage up to 300 kg.ha-1of 16.88%; 25.96%; 24.08%; 38.37%; 34.46%; 21.85%; and 19.22%, respectively compared to untreated. The interaction of goat manure with NPK does not significantly affect on the growth and yield of eggplant plant. The CGR, RGR, and NARvalue in the giving of goat manure from 10 until 30 days after planting was higher compared to the application of Mutiara NPK fertilizer.

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