Effect of Russian Thistle (Salsola iberica) Interference on Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 594-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank L. Young
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Total Plant Biomass ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Salsola Iberica

The effect of Russian thistle density and duration of interference on spring wheat was investigated in two 3-yr field studies. In the density study, the best fit regression equation predicted a loss in spring wheat yield of 0.5, 0.5, and 0.6% in 1983, 1984, and 1985, respectively, for each percent of the total biomass contributed by Russian thistle. In 1985, when rainfall was 46% below normal, the highest weed density produced greater than 70% of the total plant biomass and reduced yields more than 50%. In contrast, in 1984 when rainfall was 65% above normal, the highest weed density produced less than 20% of the total plant biomass and reduced yields 11%. In the duration study, the predicted yield loss was 2.3 and 0.7% for 1983 and 1984, respectively, for each week of interference. In 1985, yield was not significantly reduced until after 6 weeks of interference. In both studies, spikes/m of row had the highest correlation with yield and were affected the most by weed interference.

Decomposition of timothy (Phleum pratense) litter on a reclaimed surface coal mine in Alberta, Canada

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 1586-1594 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Durall ◽  
W. F. J. Parsons ◽  
D. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mine ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Surface Coal Mine ◽  
Double Exponential ◽  
Total Plant Biomass ◽  
Total Plant

Three plots differing in the time since their reclamation (7, 3, and 1 years) were selected for a 3-year decomposition study of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) litter on a surface coal mine in Alberta, Canada. A comparison between single and double exponential functions showed that mass losses were best described by double exponential decay functions, which revealed a trend of decreasing mass loss rate of the labile and recalcitrant litter fractions with increasing time following reclamation. This study suggests that abiotic factors control the release of the labile fraction during the initial phase of decomposition, whereas biotic factors control the decomposition of the recalcitrant fraction with minimal influences imposed by the measured microsite parameters. Timothy biomass formed a much larger component of the total biomass on the 7-year plot (39%) than on the 3-year (13%) and 1-year (13%) plots. Reports in the literature indicate that timothy has low nutrient requirements and is tolerant of low soil fertility. The presence of this short-lived perennial at high biomass levels with a relatively small total plant biomass on the 7-year-old plot, along with a relatively low rate of timothy litter decomposition, supports the suggestion that spoil on the oldest plot is deficient in available nutrients.

Structural-Properties and Dimensional Relations of Some Mediterranean Shrub Fuels

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
JMC Pereira ◽  
NMS Sequeira ◽  
JMB Carreiras
Keyword(s):  
Structural Properties ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Biomass Distribution ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Dimension Analysis ◽  
Total Plant Biomass ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Mediterranean Shrub

Structural properties of fuelbeds and particles of 60 plants of four shrub species (Ulex parviflorus,Lygos monosperma, Erica arborea, and Erica scoparia) common in the undergrowth of maritime pine forests were inventoried, namely total biomass, biomass distribution by diameter class, dead-to-live biomass ratios, bulk density, and surface-to-volume ratios. Porosity and packing ratios were calculated from the inventoried data. Results are compared with those reported for other shrub fuels of mediterranean and other plant communities. We developed dimensional relations to simplify prediction of total plant biomass, as well as biomass in the 1-hour, 10-hour, and 100-hour timelag size classes. Dimension analysis results are considered quite satisfactory for L. monosperma and Erica sp., while there seems to be some room for improvement regarding our ability to predict biomass of U. parviflorus, based on simple measurements of plant dimensions.

The effect of population structure on growth patterns in the woody goldenrod Solidago pauciflosculosa

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1955-1958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin P. Pritts ◽  
James F. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Dispersion Pattern ◽  
Allocation Patterns ◽  
Total Plant Biomass ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Two Populations

The population structure and growth patterns of two populations of Solidago pauciflosculosa, a woody goldenrod, were investigated. Populations consisted of even-aged contagious patches of individuals, a dispersion pattern likely caused by the periodic appearance of microsites suitable for seedling establishment. The density of individuals within the even-aged clumps varied considerably and was correlated with total plant biomass and reproductive output. Density was not correlated with either reproductive or nonreproductive allocation patterns.

Comparative Analysis of Three Cruciferous Weeds: Growth, Development, and Competitiveness

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Total Plant Biomass ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Growth Development

Wild, ball, and dog mustard growth and development were investigated by mathematical growth analysis in a greenhouse experiment. Plant height and total plant biomass over the growth period followed the trend wild mustard > ball mustard > dog mustard. Dog mustard plants had lower leaf areas than either wild or ball mustard. In a replacement series experiment, wild mustard was more competitive than either ball or dog mustard, and ball mustard was more competitive than dog mustard.

scholarly journals Nutrient Loaded Biochar Doubled Biomass Production in Juvenile Maize Plants (Zea mays L.)

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte C. Dietrich ◽  
Md Arifur Rahaman ◽  
Ana A. Robles-Aguilar ◽  
Sajid Latif ◽  
Kiatkamjon Intani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Plant Productivity ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Substrate Properties ◽  
Total Plant Biomass ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Maize Plants

Biochars have long been associated with elevating plant productivity. An increasing number of studies, however, report that char application might also impair plant nutrient availability and reduce yields. In particular, char accompanying compounds as well as a hypothesized immobilization of nitrogen have been identified as playing a significant role in possibly diminishing plant productivity following char application. Herein, we tested the fertilizing effects of modified biochars in order to derive knowledge required to develop tailor-made chars, which predictably affect plant nutrition. Slow-pyrolysis maize cob biochar was modified by washing with either ethanol or hydrochloric acid to remove ash and organic compounds or by loading it with nutrient-rich residues in the form of digestate from the bioenergy sector. Maize plants were grown for 35 days on biochar-amended sand. We analyzed both substrate properties (pH, total carbon, and nitrogen, available magnesium and potassium) and plant functional traits (biomass, leaf area, root to shoot ratio, specific leaf area). Our results suggest that total plant biomass production remained unaffected by the application of biochar and its washed forms. Contrastingly, nutrient-loaded biochar induced a significant increase in productivity at similar nutrient levels due to improved plant nutrient uptake. Further research is required to understand the role of biochar modifications that facilitated improvements in plant productivity.

scholarly journals Growth and physiological response of selected clones of rubber grown under different water frequencies

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-213
Author(s):  
Rohaizad Mislan ◽  
Z Sulaiman ◽  
WD Noordin ◽  
SNA Abdullah ◽  
MR Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Response ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
The Other ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Rubber Plantations ◽  
Vigorous Growth ◽  
Total Plant Biomass ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Positive Effect

Effects of water frequencies on growth and physiological response of different clones of rubber were investigated. Different clones of rubber were screened with different watering frequencies as everyday watering (EW), every 2 days (E2D), every 3 days (E3D), every 5 days (E5D), and every 7 days (E7D). The treatments EW and E2D were found to be suitable for all the five clones for increasing as shown in plant height. A similar result was also found for plant biomass after 4 and 8 months of treatments. Noticeably, watering had a pronounced positive effect on clone RRIM 3001 and greatly increased vigorous growth as shown in its highest height, largest girth circumference and relative growth rate after 8 months of different watering frequencies. This clone equally showed superior performance with a significantly higher total plant biomass after 4 and 8 months of watering frequencies compared to the other four clones. The result could be used in water management and the clone RRIM 3001 could be suitable for rubber production at the nursery stage and replanting exercise in rubber plantations.

scholarly journals What Drives the Diversity of the Most Abundant Terrestrial Cercozoan Family (Rhogostomidae, Cercozoa, Rhizaria)?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hüsna Öztoprak ◽  
Susanne Walden ◽  
Thierry Heger ◽  
Michael Bonkowski ◽  
Kenneth Dumack
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Morphological Trait ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Environmental Sequencing ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Total Plant Biomass ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Abundance And Diversity

Environmental sequencing surveys of soils and freshwaters revealed high abundance and diversity of the Rhogostomidae, a group of omnivorous thecate amoebae. This is puzzling since only a few Rhogostomidae species have yet been described and only a handful of reports mention them in field surveys. We investigated the putative cryptic diversity of the Rhogostomidae by a critical re-evaluation of published environmental sequencing data and in-depth ecological and morphological trait analyses. The Rhogostomidae exhibit an amazing diversity of genetically distinct clades that occur in a variety of different environments. We further broadly sampled for Rhogostomidae species; based on these isolates, we describe eleven new species and highlight important morphological traits for species delimitation. The most important environmental drivers that shape the Rhogostomidae community were soil moisture, soil pH, and total plant biomass. The length/width ratio of the theca was a morphological trait related to the colonized habitats, but not the shape and size of the aperture that is often linked to moisture adaption in testate and thecate amoebae.

scholarly journals Root and shoot attributes of indigenous perennial accessions of the wild mungbean (Vigna radiata ssp. sublobata)

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 791 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Rebetzke ◽  
R. J. Lawn
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Seed Biomass ◽  
Total Plant Biomass ◽  
Total Plant

Root and shoot attributes of 12 indigenous perennial accessions of the wild mungbean (Vigna radiata ssp. sublobata) were evaluated in early and late summer sowings in the field in SE Queensland. All but one of the accessions were obtained from the Townsville–Charters Towers region of NE Queensland. In both sowings, the accessions developed thickened tap and lateral roots, the taproot thickening extending to a depth of 0.20–0.30 m below the soil surface, depending on accession. The thickened lateral roots emerged from the taproot within 0.10 m of the soil surface, and extended laterally up to 1.10 m, remaining close to the soil surface. Differences among the accessions in gross root morphology and phenology were relatively small. There were differences among the accessions in the production of seed, tuberised root, and recovered total plant biomass. Depending on accession and sowing date, the tuberised roots accounted for up to 31% of recovered plant biomass and among accessions, the root biomass was positively correlated with total plant biomass. In contrast, seed biomass represented only a small proportion of recovered plant biomass, up to a maximum of 14%, depending on accession and sowing date. Among accessions, the proportion of seed biomass tended to be negatively correlated with that of tuber biomass. The perennial trait appears to be unique to Australian accessions of wild mungbean obtained from coastal-subcoastal, speargrass-dominant woodlands of NE Queensland. Although the ecological significance of the trait remains conjectural, field observation indicates that it facilitates rapid plant re-growth following early summer rainfall, especially where dry-season fire has removed previous-season above-ground growth.

scholarly journals The Effect of Nutrient Regime on Biomass Allocation and Nutrient Accumulation in Red Oak Seedlings

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 859F-859
Author(s):  
Jill C. Larimer ◽  
Dan Struve
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Total N ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Total Plant Biomass ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Stems And Leaves

ln Spring 1993, red oaks (Quercus rubra) were propagated from seed. From June through October, plants were fertilized twice daily with 1.4 liters of 20N–10P–20K water-soluble fertilizer solution at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, or 400 ppm N. Destructive harvests were conducted six times at intervals from June through Dec. 1993. Leaf area, stem height, root length, root area, and dry weights of roots, stem, and leaves of harvested plants were measured and tissue nutrient concentrations were analyzed. There was no relationship between whole-plant N concentration and total plant biomass (r = 0). However, there were some linear relationships between total plant N and total plant biomass for an individual fertilizer treatment. Biomass allocation between root, stems, and leaves was very consistent across all fertilizer levels at any one harvest. Percent total N in roots, stems, and leaves also was fairly consistent across fertilizer levels. This was true at each harvest, except the first two, in which a greater percentage of total N was partitioned to the leaves and a smaller percentage was partitioned to the roots in the high (100, 200, 400 ppm N) fertilizer treatments. Whole-plant K concentrations increased with increasing fertilizer level, but decreased over time. Whole-plant P concentrations increased linearly with whole-plant dry weight in the higher (100, 200, 400 ppm N) fertilizer treatments.

scholarly journals Natural enemies of Japanese honeysuckle Lonicera japonica in New Zealand

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 158-163
Author(s):  
N.W. Waipara ◽  
C.J. Winks ◽  
L.A. Smith ◽  
J.P. Wilkie
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
The North ◽  
Japanese Honeysuckle ◽  
Total Plant Biomass ◽  
Total Plant

Japanese honeysuckle is rapidly increasing as a weed throughout most of the North Island and northern South Island of New Zealand A classical biological control programme was initiated in 20042005 with a survey of the natural invertebrate fauna and pathogens associated with the weed in New Zealand The honeysuckle was being attacked by a diverse range of native and introduced invertebrates But overall the damage was minimal and none of the herbivore niches on the weed were well utilised implying that exotic agents may have a chance of inflicting additional damage that might be sufficient to control the species Most damage was caused by foliage feeders such as lepidopterous larvae and thrips but this affected less than 5 of total plant biomass Primary and secondary foliar pathogens such as Pseudocercospora lonicerae Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Insolibasidium deformans and Phoma spp were frequently recorded Potential use of these natural enemies for weed biocontrol is discussed

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