Selectivity, Movement, and Persistence of Soil-Incorporated Herbicides in Carrot Plantings

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Menges ◽  
J. L. Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Common Purslane ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

The comparative performances of several herbicides incorporated 2.5 cm deep and unincorporated in furrow-irrigated soil were studied in four field experiments. Among eight herbicides evaluated,a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) was the most effective herbicide and controlled redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Wats.), common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.), and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv.) when incorporated, without reduction of yield in carrots (Daucus carotaL., var.saliva, cv. Long Imperator). Trifluralin andO,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateSester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide (bensulide) gave consistently good results in all years although soil temperatures and evaporative losses of water were variable. Bioassays indicated and gas-liquid chromatographic (hereinafter referred to as GLC) assays confirmed that rainfall moved bensulide and trifluralin 2.5 cm downward in soil, and that dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA) was not moved below the original depth of incorporation in soil. GLC assays were most sensitive but generally agreed with bioassays of trifluralin-treated soils. Under high temperatures, infrequent rainfall, and furrow irrigation, the half-life of DCPA and trifluralin activities was 3 weeks, with no biological activity after 7 months. The half-life of bensulide activity was 6 months, with no biological activity after 22 months.

Herbicide-Crop Rotation for Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Control

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 479-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Dale ◽  
J. M. Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Cropping Sequence ◽  
Sesbania Exaltata ◽  
Common Purslane ◽  
Sida Spinosa

The feasibility of herbicide and crop rotation for the control of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] in corn (Zea maysL.) was studied in field experiments. Light infestations of johnsongrass were initially present, but it became the predominant weed after 4 yr of continuous corn treated with atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamine)-s-triazine], cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropionitrile}, and linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea], alone and in combinations at rates of 2.24, 2.24, and 0.84 kg/ha, respectively. The infestation of johnsongrass was effectively controlled by growing corn in rotation with cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) in a cropping sequence of corn-cotton-cotton-corn, in which trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] and MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) at 0.56, 2.24, and 2.24 kg/ha respectively, were used for weed control in cotton. In the corn-cotton-cotton-corn cropping sequence, the herbicide treatments also prevented increases in the populations of other indigeneous weeds including prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.), prostrate spurge (Euphorbia supinaRaf.), spotted spurge (Euphorbia maculataL.), common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.), tall morningglory [Ipomoea purpurea(L.) Roth], common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.), spurred anoda[Anoda cristata(L.) Schlecht.], hemp sesbania [Sesbania exaltata(Raf.) Cory], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), goosegrass [Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertn.], junglerice [Echinochloa colonum(L.) Link], large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.], and purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.).

Discovery of a Common Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) Biotype Resistant to Linuron

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph G. Masabni ◽  
Bernard H. Zandstra
Keyword(s):  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Portulaca Oleracea ◽  
Resistance Ratio ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Common Purslane

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to confirm and quantify linuron resistance in common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) collected from a carrot (Daucus carota) field in Imlay City, MI. Preliminary evaluation was made using a flotation test kit to identify resistance to linuron and atrazine. Subsequent greenhouse experiments indicated that this common purslane was resistant to 11.2 kg/ha linuron and 179 kg/ha atrazine. The resistance ratio for linuron was > 300 and was > 400 for atrazine. The resistant common purslane was also highly resistant to diuron, cyanazine, and prometryn but had a low level of negative cross-resistance to bromoxynil. Both resistant and susceptible biotypes of common purslane were sensitive to hexazinone and bentazon.

Control of Egyptian Broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) and Other Weeds by Means of Solar Heating of the Soil by Polyethylene Mulching

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jacobsohn ◽  
A. Greenberger ◽  
J. Katan ◽  
M. Levi ◽  
H. Alon
Keyword(s):  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Solar Heating ◽  
Soil Borne Pathogens ◽  
Toxic Materials ◽  
Polyethylene Mulching ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Hot Season ◽  
Orobanche Aegyptiaca

Mulching the soil with polyethylene sheets before sowing during the hot season, increased the soil temperatures, which resulted in the control of soil-borne pathogens and weeds. This method was tested in a field heavily infested with Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca L.). Soil was irrigated and mulched for 36 days during August–September 1977, prior to sowing carrot (Daucus carota L. ‘Nantes Tip Top’) seeds. Mulching increased soil temperatures by 8 to 12 C, up to 56 C in the top 5 cm. In the non-mulched plots the carrot plants became stunted due to heavy parasitization with broomrape and they were completely destroyed by the end of the season. In contrast, broomrape and other weeds were controlled in the mulched plots and the carrot plants grew normally. This effect was less pronounced in the border rows of the mulched plots. Mulching also greatly reduced the infestation of other weeds. Egyptian broomrape was also controlled in two other field experiments with carrots and eggplants (Solanum melongena L. ‘Black oval’). As compared with fumigation, this new method of control is economical, simple, nonhazardous, and does not employ toxic materials.

Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: ecological and evolutionary significance

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 3207-3216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roseann Densmore ◽  
John Zasada
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Cold Stratification ◽  
Cold Climates ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Seeds of the 24 common Salix species of the Alaskan boreal forest and tundra were set to germinate in laboratory and field experiments, and seed dispersal times were observed. During the growing season, 16 species disperse short-lived, nondormant seeds. At the end of the growing season, eight other species, all tundra willows, disperse conditionally dormant seeds. These fall-dispersed seeds are fully developed in the same length of time as summer-dispersed seeds, but they develop dormancy while being held on the plant until the leaves senesce. At the time of dispersal, some seeds are capable of germinating at high temperatures, but no seeds can germinate at the low soil temperatures occurring then. Cold stratification gradually widens the range of temperatures at which seeds can germinate, and seeds germinate at low soil temperatures in the spring shortly after snowmelt. Salix species dispersing dormant seeds during the fall appear to have evolved, as an adaptation to short growing seasons in cold climates, from taxa dispersing nondormant seeds during the summer.

Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Technical Chlordane Residues in Food Crops: Interpretation of Analytical Data

1975 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 1051-1061
Author(s):  
William P Cochrane ◽  
James F Lawrence ◽  
Young W Lee ◽  
Ronald B Maybury ◽  
Brian P Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Stationary Phases ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Electron Capture Detection ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Consistent Method ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract An interlaboratory investigation of technical chlordane residues in food crops was carried out to determine the most practical and consistent method of reporting results. Using a technical chlordane reference standard, 8 gas chromatographic stationary phases were studied for their resolution capabilities. The best separations were obtained with SE-30 and its OV-1 equivalent. Using these columns and electron capture detection, potatoes and carrots from supervised field experiments were analyzed in duplicate and quantitated by using 4 methods of calculation. The data were statistically treated to determine the precision and bias for each method. Also, 1 sample was analyzed in duplicate on 2 different occasions by 6 laboratories to substantiate the initial conclusions. Based on the criterion of high precision it is suggested that a comparison of total area under the chromatogram of the sample with total area of a standard technical chlordane be the method of quantitation. Only peaks which are common to both standard and sample have any significance in this type of calculation.

Lipids of Amaranthus retroflexus and their Biological Activity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sh. Kh. Ibotov ◽  
N. K. Yuldasheva ◽  
N. I. Mukarramov ◽  
R. P. Zakirova ◽  
E. R. Kurbanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus

scholarly journals Crop residues on short-term CO2 emissions in sugarcane production areas

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana M. Corradi ◽  
Alan R. Panosso ◽  
Marcílio V. Martins Filho ◽  
Newton La Scala Junior
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sugarcane Production ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Production Areas

The proper management of agricultural crop residues could produce benefits in a warmer, more drought-prone world. Field experiments were conducted in sugarcane production areas in the Southern Brazil to assess the influence of crop residues on the soil surface in short-term CO2 emissions. The study was carried out over a period of 50 days after establishing 6 plots with and without crop residues applied to the soil surface. The effects of sugarcane residues on CO2 emissions were immediate; the emissions from residue-covered plots with equivalent densities of 3 (D50) and 6 (D100) t ha-1 (dry mass) were less than those from non-covered plots (D0). Additionally, the covered fields had lower soil temperatures and higher soil moisture for most of the studied days, especially during the periods of drought. Total emissions were as high as 553.62 ± 47.20 g CO2 m-2, and as low as 384.69 ± 31.69 g CO2 m-2 in non-covered (D0) and covered plot with an equivalent density of 3 t ha-1 (D50), respectively. Our results indicate a significant reduction in CO2 emissions, indicating conservation of soil carbon over the short-term period following the application of sugarcane residues to the soil surface.

Soil organic carbon sequestration potential for Canadian Agricultural Ecoregions calculated using the Introductory Carbon Balance Model

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Bolinder ◽  
O. Andrén ◽  
T. Kätterer ◽  
L -E Parent
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil Biological Activity ◽  
Sequestration Potential

The potential for storage of atmospheric CO2-C as soil organic C (SOC) in agroecosystems depends largely on soil biological activity and the quantity and quality of annual C inputs to soil. In this study we used the Introductory Carbon Balance Model (ICBM) approach driven by daily standard weather station data, specific soil properties and crop characteristics at the scale of Canadian agricultural ecoregions. The objectives were to calculate a climate-dependent soil biological activity parameter representative for annual agricultural crop production systems (re_crop) and to estimate the effect of fallow (re_fallow). These parameters are based on the daily product of soil temperature and stored water that influence biological activity in the arable layer, and are used to adjust the decomposition rates of the ICBM SOC pools. We also tested re_crop and re_fallow on SOC stock change data for different site and treatment combinations from long-term field experiments located in some of the ecoregions. An re_crop value of 0.95 for western ecoregions was on average 0.23 units lower than that of the eastern ecoregions, indicating a lower decomposition rate of SOC. Although the estimated annual C inputs to soil for small-grain cereals were on average ≈7.5% higher in the eastern ecoregions (305 vs. 285 g C m-2 yr-1), the overall results suggest that the western ecoregions would have a greater potential to maintain high SOC levels in the long term. However, these parameters varied between ecoregions and, consequently, the SOC sequestration potential was not always higher for the western ecoregions. The effect of fallow was on average ≈0.04, i.e., SOC decomposed slightly faster under fallow. Predictions for 24 out of 33 site and treatment combinations across Canada were significantly improved (P = 0.003), compared with a previous application with the ICBM that did not differentiate between crops and fallow. The methodology used here enabled us to examine regional differences in the potential for SOC sequestration as a balance between annual C inputs to soil and soil biological activity. Key words: Annual C inputs, climate, fallow, soil biological activity, agroecosystems

Amaranthus hybridus L. Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Atriplex hortensis L. Amaranthaceae

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-82
Author(s):  
Rainer W. Bussmann ◽  
Ketevan Batsatsashvili ◽  
Zaal Kikvidze ◽  
Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana ◽  
Manana Khutsishvili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Amaranthus Hybridus ◽  
Amaranthus Spinosus

scholarly journals Potential new tool for weed control in organically grown agronomic crops

2007 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stevan Knezevic ◽  
Santiago Ulloa
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Logistic Models ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Agronomic Crops ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Weed Tolerance ◽  
Organically Grown

Field experiments were conducted during summer 2007 to determine a baseline information on crop and weed tolerance to broadcast flaming utilizing different rates of propane. The species evaluated were: maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum halepense), soybean (Glycine max), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), barnyardgrass (Echinocloa crus-galli), green foxtail (Setaria viridis), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). The propane rates applied were 0, 12.1, 30.9, 49.7, 68.5 and 87.22 kg/ha. The response of the plants to propane rates were described by log-logistic models. Plant response to flame varied depending on the species, growth stage and propane rate. Broadleaf weeds were more susceptible to flames than grasses. Field maize and sorghum were less susceptible, while soybean and sunflower were severely injured. Of all crops tested, broadcast flaming has the most potential for use in field maize.

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