Perennial Weed Populations After 14 Years of Variable Tillage and Cropping Practices

Management of perennial weeds is a major concern in reduced-tillage cropping systems. Field research was conducted at Nashua, IA, from 1977 through 1990 to evaluate the long-term impacts of tillage and cropping patterns on perennial weed populations in corn and soybean production. Continuous corn and a corn/soybean rotation were conducted utilizing moldboard plow, chisel plow, ridge tillage, and no-tillage systems. The research area was free of established perennial weed species at the initiation of the experiment in 1977. Hemp dogbane was observed by 1980, with the greatest densities in no-tillage. By 1990, continuous corn had greater hemp dogbane densities with no-tillage than other tillage system by crop rotation treatments. American germander densities were not affected by tillage systems in 1980 and 1981, but by 1990, corn/soybean rotations had greater densities in moldboard plow than other tillage systems. Field bindweed developed primarily in the corn/soybean rotations with the greatest densities occurring in no-tillage. Greater and more diverse populations of perennial weeds developed in reduced-tillage systems than in the moldboard plow system. However, practices used to control annual weeds and environmental factors interacted with tillage to regulate perennial weed populations.

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The Effect of Different Soil Tillage Systems and Crop Residues on the Composition of Weed Communities

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11071276 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1276

Author(s):

Vaida Steponavičienė ◽

Aušra Marcinkevičienė ◽

Lina Marija Butkevičienė ◽

Lina Skinulienė ◽

Vaclovas Bogužas

Keyword(s):

Soil Ph ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Plant Residues ◽

No Tillage ◽

Agricultural Crops ◽

Weed Species ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Weed Communities

The composition of weed communities in agricultural crops is dependent on soil properties and the applied agronomic practices. The current study determined the effect of different tillage systems and crop residue on the soil weed community composition. The research programme encompassed 2013–2015 in a long-term field experiment located in the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University in Lithuania. The soil type in the experimental field was qualified as Endocalcaric Stagnosol (Aric, Drainic, Ruptic, Amphisiltic). Weeds were categorised into communities according to soil pH, nitrogen and moisture indicators. The results of investigations were grouped using cluster analysis. Agricultural crops were dominated by different weed species depending on the soil pH and moisture. Weed species were relatively more frequent indicating nitrogen-rich and very nitrogen-rich soils. In the reduced tillage and no-tillage systems, an increase in the abundance of weed species indicating moderate acidity and low acidity, moderately wet and wet, nitrogen-rich and very nitrogen-rich soils was observed. The application of plant residues decreased the weed species abundance. In the reduced tillage and no-tillage systems, the quantitative distribution of weed was often uneven. By evaluating the association of weed communities with groups of different tillage systems with or without plant residues, their control can be optimised.

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Effect of tillage systems on the level of contamination of nonarable land of Zhytomyr Polissya

Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine ◽

10.36495/1606-9773.2016.62.72-79 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 72-79

Author(s):

V.I. Borisenko

Keyword(s):

Species Composition ◽

Vegetative Propagation ◽

Quantitative Composition ◽

Weed Species ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Perennial Weed ◽

Soil Cultivation ◽

Perennial Weeds ◽

Agricultural Use ◽

Economic Use

The results of studies of the effects of different systems of the basic soil cultivation on weediness of land that is withdrawn from agricultural use in Zhytomyr Polissya are presented in the article. The effect of different tillage systems on the main species composition of annual and perennial weeds and quantitative composition of organs of vegetative propagation of perennial weeds is described. It was established that on land that is withdrawn from economic use in Zhytomyr Polissya, the application of different systems of the basic soil cultivation reduces weediness of lands to 53.7%. The smallest development of annual and perennial weed species occurs mainly during combination tillage.

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A Multivariate Approach to Evaluate Reduced Tillage Systems and Cover Crop Sustainability

Land ◽

10.3390/land11010055 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 55

Author(s):

Felice Sartori ◽

Ilaria Piccoli ◽

Riccardo Polese ◽

Antonio Berti

Keyword(s):

Cover Crop ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Conservation Agriculture ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

No Tillage ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Sustainability Index ◽

Crop Sustainability

The evaluation of the effects of conservation agriculture during the transition from conventional tillage to no-tillage requires numerous indicators to be considered. For this purpose, we monitored changes in a multi-parameter dataset during a three-year experiment that combined three tillage intensities (conventional tillage—CT; minimum tillage—MT; and no tillage—NT) with three soil covering managements (tillage radish cover crop, winter wheat cover crop and bare soil). Using a multivariate analysis, we developed a Relative Sustainability Index (RSI) based on 11 physical (e.g., bulk density and penetration resistance), chemical (e.g., soil organic carbon and pH) and biological soil properties (e.g., earthworm density) to evaluate cropping systems sustainability. The RSI was most affected by tillage intensity showing higher RSI values (i.e., better performances) in reduced tillage systems. Specifically, the RSI under NT was 42% greater than that of CT and 13% greater than that of MT. Soil covering had little impact on the RSI. Among the tested parameters, the RSI was increased most by saturated hydraulic conductivity (+193%) and earthworm density (+339%) across CT and NT treatments.to. Our results suggest that conservation agriculture and, particularly, reduced tillage systems, have the potential to increase farm environmental and agronomic sustainability.

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Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of glufosinate in five weed species as influenced by ammonium sulfate and pelargonic acid

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500091268 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 47 (6) ◽

pp. 636-643 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Wendy A. Pline ◽

Jingrui Wu ◽

Kriton K. Hatzios

Keyword(s):

Ammonium Sulfate ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Pelargonic Acid ◽

Weed Species ◽

Asclepias Syriaca ◽

Perennial Weed ◽

Setaria Faberi ◽

Perennial Weeds ◽

Treated Leaf ◽

Tlc Analysis

Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of14C-glufosinate were studied in three annual and two perennial weed species. Young seedlings ofSetaria faberi, Chenopodium album, Cassia obtusifolia, Solanum carolinense, andAsclepias syriacawere treated with foliar-applied14C-glufosinate, and plant tissues were harvested 12, 48, and 72 h after treatment (HAT). Absorption of14C-glufosinate was initially rapid, but increased only slightly after 12 h in all species. Glufosinate absorption was highest inS. carolinense(73% of applied radioactivity), followed byS. faberi(54%),C. obtusifolia(44%),C. album(41%), andA. syriaca(37%) 72 HAT. Translocation of radioactivity out of the treated leaf was species dependent and did not increase much with time in all weed species.S. carolinenseandS. faberitranslocated the highest amounts of absorbed radioactivity out of the treated leaf with 49 to 59% moving to the upper foliage.S. faberitranslocated the highest amount of absorbed radioactivity to the roots (12 to 14%), whileC. albumtranslocated the least (2 to 3%). TLC analysis of plant extracts showed that14C-glufosinate was not metabolized inS. faberi, C. obtusifolia, S. carolinense, andA. syriaca. A glufosinate metabolite with an Rf value matching that of methyl-phosphinico propionate was detected inC. album. Treatment with ammonium sulfate (AMS) increased glufosinate absorption inS. faberiandC. obtusifolia12 HAT, but decreased absorption inC. album. Treatment with pelargonic acid (PA) did not affect glufosinate absorption in any of the species tested. Treatment with AMS and PA did not affect glufosinate translocation in any of the five weed species. Treatment with AMS and PA did not influence the metabolism of glufosinate in any of the five weed species studied. These results show that differential absorption and translocation seem to explain the greater sensitivity of the annual and perennial weeds to glufosinate. Treatment with ammonium sulfate may increase the efficacy of glufosinate in perennial weeds.

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Merits of a weed-sensing sprayer to control weeds in conservation fallow and cropping systems

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500090275 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 120-126 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Robert E. Blackshaw ◽

Louis J. Molnar ◽

C. Wayne Lindwall

Keyword(s):

Crop Residues ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Cost Savings ◽

Field Studies ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Canada Thistle ◽

Perennial Weeds ◽

Crop Harvest ◽

Herbicide Use

Field studies were conducted from 1993 through 1995 to determine potential reductions in herbicide use and associated cost savings by utilizing a weed-sensing sprayer, named Detectspray, to control weeds throughout the fallow season and to control perennial weeds after crop harvest. The Detectspray system gave comparable weed control to conventional broadcast spraying on 80% of the application dates and reduced glyphosate/dicamba use over the fallow season by 19 to 60%. This reduced herbicide use resulted in cost savings of $6 to $32 ha−1. A fallow treatment that combined two herbicide applications with the Detectsprayer plus one to two wide-blade tillage operations was less costly than conventional tillage at two of 11 sites and at all sites retained more surface crop residues to reduce the risk of erosion. Postharvest glyphosate use on quackgrass with the Detectsprayer was reduced 50 to 78% compared to broadcast applications and resulted in cost savings of $16 to $25 ha−1. Clopyralid use on Canada thistle with the Detectsprayer was reduced 71 to 80%, with cost savings of $44 to $50 ha−1. The Detectspray system is a useful tool to effectively manage weeds in conservation fallow and reduced tillage cropping systems.

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Evaluation of Tillage and Herbicide Interaction forAmaranthusControl in Cotton

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-12-00089.1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 298-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jessica A. Kelton ◽

Andrew J. Price ◽

Michael G. Patterson ◽

C. Dale Monks ◽

Edzard van Santen

Keyword(s):

Conservation Tillage ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

No Tillage ◽

Tillage Practices ◽

Systems Research ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Tillage Operation ◽

Almost All ◽

Tillage Operations

Amaranthuscontrol in cotton can be difficult with the loss of glyphosate efficacy, especially in conservation-tillage cropping systems. Research was conduction from 2006 to 2008 at EV Smith Research Center, Shorter, AL, to determine the level of glyphosate-susceptibleAmaranthuscontrol provided by four initial tillage and herbicide treatments, including 1) moldboard plowing followed by a single-pass disking and field cultivation plus pendimethalin at 1.2 kg ai ha−1preplant incorporation (PPI), 2) two-pass disking followed by field cultivation plus pendimethalin at 1.2 kg ha−1PPI, 3) no tillage including an application of pendimethalin at 1.2 kg ha−1PRE, or 4) no tillage without pendimethalin in 2006. No further tillage practices or pendimethalin applications were utilized after study initiation. Initial tillage operations, including inversion with disking or disking twice, resulted inAmaranthusdensity of ≤ 4 plants m−2and 47 to 82% control, whereas no-tillage treatments had ≥ 4 plants m−2and 14 to 62% control. Subsequent applications of PRE herbicides included fluometuron at 1.68 kg ai ha−1or prometryn at 1.12 kg ai ha−1and provided 53 to 98% and 55 to 93% control, respectively, and reducedAmaranthusdensity compared to no PRE herbicide to < 2 plants m−2, regardless of tillage treatment. A POST application of glyphosate at 1.0 kg ae ha−1improved control in conjunction with almost all treatments in each year. Results indicate that a one-time tillage operation followed by a return to reduced tillage may aid in the reduction ofAmaranthusdensity when used with PRE-applied herbicides; however, this system will likely not provide adequate control when high population densities of glyphosate-resistantAmaranthusare present, thus highlighting the need for a highly efficacious POST herbicide system.

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Integrating Cereals and Deep Tillage with Herbicide Programs in Glyphosate- and Glufosinate-Resistant Soybean for Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth Management

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-14-00166 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 85-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Holden D. Bell ◽

Jason K. Norsworthy ◽

Robert C. Scott

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Production Systems ◽

Palmer Amaranth ◽

No Tillage ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Deep Tillage ◽

Late Season ◽

Amaranth Seed ◽

Herbicide Programs ◽

Moldboard Plow

A field experiment was conducted at Marianna, AR in 2012 and 2013 to test various combinations of (1) soybean production systems: full-season tillage (rye plus deep tillage using a moldboard plow), full season (no rye plus no tillage), late-season tillage (wheat plus deep tillage), and late season (no wheat plus no tillage); (2) soybean cultivars: glufosinate or glyphosate resistant; and (3) four herbicide programs for management of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. At soybean harvest, Palmer amaranth control was 95 to 100% when flumioxazin plus pyroxasulfone was applied PRE. In both years full-season tillage and late-season tillage systems in combination with flumioxazin plus pyroxasulfone applied PRE increased Palmer amaranth control over the same systems in the absence of flumioxazin plus pyroxasulfone applied PRE. The addition of deep tillage in the form of a moldboard plow to the full-season and late-season systems reduced Palmer amaranth densities at harvest. Similarly, Palmer amaranth seed production was often lower in the full-season tillage and late-season tillage systems compared with the full-season and late-season no-tillage systems, regardless of soybean cultivar and herbicide programs. Overall, the use of deep tillage in the full-season or late-season systems in combination with a PRE application of flumioxazin plus pyroxasulfone provided greater control of Palmer amaranth, decreasing both density and seed production and increasing soybean grain yields.

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Long-Term Effects of Three Tillage Systems on Peanut Grade, Yield, and Stem Rot Development1

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-25-2-1 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 59-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

W. J. Grichar

Keyword(s):

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Field Studies ◽

Stem Rot ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

No Tillage ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Tillage System ◽

Grade Yield

Abstract Field studies were conducted from 1987 to 1996 to evaluate the effects of long-term no-tillage, reduced-tillage, or full-tillage systems on peanut grade, yield, and stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) disease development. In 3 of 10 yr the full-tillage system outyielded the no-tillage system while the reduced tillage system resulted in yield increase over no-tillage systems in 2 yr. Reduced-tillage plots had a higher incidence of stem rot than full-or no-tillage in 4 of 10 yr. In 3 of 10 yr, peanut grade (% TSMK) was lower in no-tillage than full-tillage plots. The reduced tillage system has shown promise for use in Texas for peanut. However, no-tillage peanut systems have never produced yield and quality comparable to full-tillage systems.

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EFFECT OF REDUCED TILLAGE AND MINERAL FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON MAIZE AND SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479711000895 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 159-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

J. KIHARA ◽

A. BATIONO ◽

B. WASWA ◽

J. M. KIMETU ◽

B. VANLAUWE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crop Residue ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Cropping System ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Residue Management ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Tillage System ◽

Continuous Maize

SUMMARYReduced tillage is said to be one of the potential ways to reverse land degradation and ultimately increase the productivity of degrading soils of Africa. We hypothesised that crop yield following a modest application of 2 t ha−1 of crop residue in a reduced tillage system is similar to the yield obtained from a conventional tillage system, and that incorporation of legumes in a cropping system leads to greater economic benefits as opposed to a cropping system involving continuous maize. Three cropping systems (continuous maize monocropping, legume/maize intercropping and rotation) under different tillage and residue management systems were tested in sub-humid western Kenya over 10 seasons. While soybean performed equally well in both tillage systems throughout, maize yield was lower in reduced than conventional tillage during the first five seasons but no significant differences were observed after season 6. Likewise, with crop residue application, yields in conventional and reduced tillage systems are comparable after season 6. Nitrogen and phosphorus increased yield by up to 100% compared with control. Gross margins were not significantly different among the cropping systems being only 6 to 39% more in the legume–cereal systems relative to similar treatments in continuous cereal monocropping system. After 10 seasons of reduced tillage production, the economic benefits for our cropping systems are still not attractive for a switch from the conventional to reduced tillage.

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Weed Infestation and Health of the Soybean Crop Depending on Cropping System and Tillage System

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture10060208 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 208 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dorota Gawęda ◽

Małgorzata Haliniarz ◽

Urszula Bronowicka-Mielniczuk ◽

Justyna Łukasz

Keyword(s):

Crop Rotation ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Fungal Diseases ◽

Lower Percentage ◽

No Tillage ◽

Weed Species ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Soybean Crop ◽

Study Results ◽

Weed Infestation

This study evaluated weed infestation and health of the soybean crop grown in crop rotation (CR) and monoculture (CM) under conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) conditions. The research proved that growing soybean in monoculture and under no-tillage conditions increases weed infestation and infection of soybean with fungal diseases. In these treatments, increased numbers of most of the dominant species were also found. A significantly higher percentage of monocotyledonous species and a much lower percentage of dicotyledonous ones in total weed dry weight were shown in the CR treatment relative to CM and in the NT system compared to CT. The biodiversity of the weed community was similar in monoculture and crop rotation, and slightly greater in the NT system in comparison with CT conditions. In both tillage systems, Amaranthus retroflexus was the weed species that most infested the soybean crop. In soybean grown after itself, Amaranthus retroflexus was the weed that occurred in the greatest numbers, while, in crop rotation, this was Echinochloa crus-galli. In all years of the study, soybean was infected with Septoria glycines to the highest degree, which was followed by Cercospora sojina, whereas infection with Ascochyta sp. was the lowest. Weather conditions in individual years of the study were proven to affect weed infestation and infection of soybean with fungal diseases. The study results prove that cropping systems and tillage systems significantly affect weed infestation and health of the soybean crop.

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