Polysaccharide Based Polymers Produced by Scabby Cankered Cactus Pear (Opuntia ficus-indica L.) Infected by Neofusicoccum batangarum: Composition, Structure, and Chemico-Physical Properties

Neofusiccocum batangarum is the causal agent of scabby canker of cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica L.). The symptoms of this disease are characterized by crusty, perennial cankers, with a leathery, brown halo. Characteristically, a viscous polysaccharide exudate, caking on contact with air, leaks from cankers and forms strips or cerebriform masses on the surface of cactus pear cladodes. When this polysaccharide mass was partial purified, surprisingly, generated a gel. The TLC analysis and the HPLC profile of methyl 2-(polyhydroxyalkyl)-3-(o-tolylthiocarbomoyl)-thiazolidine-4R-carboxylates obtained from the mixture of monosaccharides produced by acid hydrolysis of the three EPSs examined in this research work [the polysaccharide component of the exudate (EPSC) and the EPSs extracted from asymptomatic (EPSH) and symptomatic (EPSD) cladodes] showed the presence of d-galactose, l-rhamnose, and d-glucose in a 1:1:0.5 ratio in EPSC while d-galactose, l-rhamnose, d-glucose, and d-xylose at the same ratio were observed in EPSH and EPSD. The presence of uronic acid residues in EPSC was also showed by solid state NMR and IR investigation. Furthermore, this manuscript reports the chemical-physical characterization of the gel produced by the infected cactus pear.

Discovery of EDA-Complex Photocatalyzed Reactions Using Multidimensional Image Processing: Iminophosphorane Synthesis as a Case Study

Herein, we report a multidimensional screening strategy for the discovery of EDA-complex photocatalyzed reactions using only photographic devices (webcam, cellphone) and TLC analysis. An algorithm was designed to identify automatically EDA-complex reactive mixtures in solution from digital image processing in a 96-wells microplate and by TLC-analysis. The code highlights the region of absorption of the mixture in the visible spectrum, and the quantity of the color change through grayscale values. Furthermore, the code identifies automatically the blurs on the TLC plate and classifies the mixture as colorimetric reactions, non-reactive or potentially reactive EDA mixtures. This strategy allowed us to discover and then optimize a new EDA-mediated approach for obtaining iminophosphoranes in up to 90% yield.

Extraction and Purification of Secondary Metabolites of Paris polyphylla (Smith) Using Column Chromatography.

Paris polyphylla Smith is an erect and herbaceous plant. It has rich chemical constituents such steroidal saponins, phytosterols, flavonoids, and alkaloids that possess antimicrobial and anticancer activities. In the current investigation, we examined the effect of different solvents in the extraction yield and further purification via column chromatography. The ground powdered rhizomes of P. polyphylla was extracted with 100% hexane, 100% ethyl acetate, 70% ethanol, and 70% methanol. The extracts were filtered, evaporated using a rotary evaporator, concentrated, and measured. Subsequently, the solvent with high extraction yield was further purified using column chromatography. Ethanol produced the highest extraction yield as compared to the other solvents. About 30 fractions were eluted which was pooled into four fractions based on the Rf values and bands observed through thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis.

GCMS AND TLC ANALYSIS OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF SEED MOMORDICA CHARANTIA

To perform the TLC and GCMS analysis of ethanolic extract of seed Momordica charantia. The seeds ofMomardicacharantia was extracted with ethanol and tested for TLC and GCMS by standard procedure as per the guidelines of WHO.The phytochemical and TLC studies showed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, phenols, steroids, terpenoids and proteins.The GCMS analysis of seed Momardicacharantiashowed five major compounds were found to be n-hexadeconic acid, 9,12-Octadecadinoic acid,Octadecanoic acid,Hexadecanoic acid-2-hydroxy-1-hydroxy methyl ethyl ester and Gamma-sitosterol.The Therapeutic activity may be due to the major compounds identified by GCMS and further have to be evaluated.Mostly cucurbitaceae plant possesses the highest nutritive value and also a good source of carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, vitamins, and minerals. Fruits are composed of sufficient of water,protein and lipids respectively.In addition to this MC seeds can represent a good source of lipids, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and they are among the few foods containing conjugated linolenic acid, being as eleostearic acid. The essential oil, obtained from drought seeds, contains sesquiterpenes, phenylpropanoids and monoterpenes. Other bioactive compounds, such as tocopherols and polyphenols have been reported in general. The pericarp, the aril, the stem and the leaves of the plant are also a good source of phenolic compounds, which can be useful to protect from oxidative damage by acting directly on reactive oxygen species and to induce endogenous defense systems.

Dye extracted from Bael leaves as a photosensitizer in dye sensitized solar cell

This study has explored a new plant source, Bael tree leaves, as an efficient dye extraction towards green energy harvesting through dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The photosensitizers, photo-absorption, bandgap, and ionic conductivity characteristics of the extracted dye were determined using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Tauc plot, and conductivity meter, respectively. Chlorophyll is the main constituent in the extracted dye confirmed by TLC analysis. An optimum concentration (0.2 g/mL) with ionic conductivity of 455 μS/cm of the dye was used as a photoactive layer in DSSC, demonstrating power densities of 1.345 μW/m2 and 8.078 μW/m2 under the illumination of the LED lamp (1555 lx) and tungsten bulb (1926 lx), respectively. Additional parameters, including fill factor (0.26), ideality factor (1.25), characteristic resistance (309 Ω), series resistance (313 Ω), and shunt resistance (662 Ω) of the fabricated DSSCs under tungsten illumination reveal that the novel Bael tree leaves-based dye can harvest green energy efficiently through DSSCs.

A Comparative Study of the Lipophilicity of Metformin and Phenformin

The results presented in this paper confirm the beneficial role of an easy-to-use and low-cost thin-layer chromatography (TLC) technique for describing the retention behavior and the experimental lipophilicity parameter of two biguanide derivatives, metformin and phenformin, in both normal-phase (NP) and reversed-phase (RP) TLC systems. The retention parameters (RF, RM) obtained under different chromatographic conditions, i.e., various stationary and mobile phases in the NP-TLC and RP-TLC systems, were used to determine the lipophilicity parameter (RMW) of metformin and phenformin. This study confirms the poor lipophilicity of both metformin and phenformin. It can be stated that the optimization of chromatographic conditions, i.e., the kind of stationary phase and the composition of mobile phase, was needed to obtain the reliable value of the chromatographic lipophilicity parameter (RMW) in this study. The fewer differences in the RMW values of both biguanide derivatives were ensured by the RP-TLC system composed of RP2, RP18, and RP18W plates and the mixture composed of methanol, propan-1-ol, and acetonitrile as an organic modifier compared to the NP-TLC analysis. The new calculation procedures for logP of drugs based on topological indices 0χν, 0χ, 1χν, M, and Mν may be a certain alternative to other algorithms as well as the TLC procedure performed under optimized chromatographic conditions. The knowledge of different lipophilicity parameters of the studied biguanides can be useful in the future design of novel and more therapeutically effective metformin and phenformin formulations for antidiabetic and possible anticancer treatment. Moreover, the topological indices presented in this work may be further used in the QSAR study of the examined biguanides.

Analisis Sidik Jari Kromatografi Lapis Tipis Tanaman Anting-Anting (Acalypha indica L.)

Anting-anting plant (Acalypha indica L.) is a plant that the community has used as raw material for herbal medicine. Anting-anting plants contain chemical compounds, so it is difficult to ensure these plants' safety and quality control. The research objective was to validate the method by knowing the stability, specificity, precision, and rigidity of the chromatographic profile of alkaloid compounds in the TLC analysis of the anting-anting extract. Extraction was carried out using ethyl acetate solvent for 20 minutes with a frequency of 42 kHz. The eluent used is cyclohexane: toluene: diethylamine (75:15:10) with Dragendorff reagent. The method of validation was acceptable according to the criteria except for the stability test of the analyte during chromatography. The instability of the analyte is indicated that not all spots form a straight diagonal line. The specificity of the method was carried out by comparing the fingerprint patterns of the leaves of the anting-anting with ekor kucing (Acalypha hibsida Farm.) and teh-tehan plants (Acalypha siamensis). The fingerprint profile showed a yellow stain (Rf = 0.39) on the leaves of the anting-anting, which did not appear in the fingerprint profiles of the two comparison samples. Keywords: anting-anting, fingerprint analysis, thin layer chromatography, method validation Anting-anting (Acalypha indica L.) merupakan tanaman yang telah dimanfaatkan masyarakat sebagai bahan baku obat herbal. Anting-anting mengandung banyak senyawa kimia sehingga sulit menjamin keamanan dan pengendalian mutu dari tanaman tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk validasi metode dengan mengetahui kestabilan, spesifitas, presisi, dan ketegaran profil kromatografi senyawa alkaloid pada analisis KLT ekstrak anting-anting. Ekstraksi dilakukan menggunakan pelarut etil asetat selama 20 menit dengan frekuensi 42 kHz. Eluen yang digunakan adalah sikloheksana : toluena : dietilamin (75:15:10) dengan reagen Dragendorff. Validasi metode dapat diterima sesuai kriteria kecuali uji stabilitas analit selama kromatografi. Ketidakstabilan analit ditunjukkan dengan seluruh noda yang dihasilkan tidak membentuk garis diagonal yang lurus. Spesifitas pada metode dilakukan dengan membandingkan pola sidik jari daun anting-anting dengan daun ekor kucing (Acalypha hibsida Farm) dan daun teh-tehan (Acalypha siamensis). Profil sidik jari menunjukkan bahwa terdapat noda berwarna kuning kehijauan (Rf = 0,39) pada daun anting-anting yang tidak muncul pada profil sidik jari kedua sampel pembanding tersebut. Kata kunci: anting-anting, analisis sidik jari, kromatografi lapis tipis, validasi metode

The Attractant Bioactivity Test of Semi-Polar Fraction of the Datuan Stem Bark (Ficus vasculosa Wall. Ex Miq) against Warehouse Pest (Sitophilus oryzae L.)

Bioactive isolation was performed on the stem bark of Datuan (Ficus vasculosa Wall. Ex Miq), and extraction was carried out via the maceration method using acetone as a solvent. Furthermore, an attractant bioactivity test was conducted on acetone extract, A-G fraction, and composition of the isolates. The separation and purification via column chromatography produced a D8.3.5.7 fraction in the form of needle crystal of about 50 mg, at a melting point of 136°C–138.7°C. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis showed a single spot at an Rf value of 0.57 (n-hexane eluent: ethyl acetate 7:3), 0.36 (DCM eluent), and 0.24 (CHCl3 eluent). The isolated compounds were identified using infrared and UV–Vis spectrophotometry, as well as mass spectrometry. The characterization of the infrared spectrum of the isolated compound showed a strong OH goo band at 3461 cm-1 region and the absorption band at 2936.25 cm-1 exhibited a stretch of CH alkanes. These two bands are supported by the vibration at 1378.47 and 1462.55 cm-1 for CH absorption of methyl and methylene. The absorption band in the 1622 cm-1 region showed a stretch of conjugated C=C double bond, which is supported by absorption at 918.96 and 966.22 cm-1 as C–H alkene. The UV–Vis spectrophotometry showed absorption at λmax 263.97 nm A = 0.483, which was the result of electronic transition π → π*, and at λ 331.0 nm A = 0.274, which was an electronic result of n → π*. Meanwhile, identification via mass spectrometry that produces isolate has a molecular weight of 414.1 m/e with the formula C29H50O. Therefore, the bioactivity test results on compound D8.3.5.7 had an attractant activity of 71.67% against warehouse pests (Sitophilus oryzae L.) and an interest index of 0.63.

A Comparative Study on Isolation and Characterization of Lecithin from Gallus gallus and Gallus gallus Domesticus Using Analytical Methods

The present study mainly focuses on the extraction and purification of lecithin from both Gallus gallus and Gallus gallus domesticus. The comparative study shows a great significance in the amount and quality of lecithin extracted from both the sources. The egg lecithin was standardized by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy. TLC analysis was done and calculated for both standard and the samples. It was found to be the same for the test sample and standard soya lecithin. FTIR analysis shows the presence of Methyl group, alkane, carbonyl group, alkenes, hydroxyl alkyl ketone. FTIR helps to compare the in- tensity of functional groups in both lecithin isolated from Gallus gallus and Gallus domesticus.

Optimization of Extraction of Curcuminoids from Turmeric Powder (Curcuma longa)

In this study extraction of curcuminoids from turmeric was explored by various methods of extraction. For extraction soxhelet, ultrasonication and distillation methods were employed for separation of curcuminoids from turmeric powder under more or less varying same parameters. The results were analyzed and compared with reference method. The UV-Vis spectroscopy, HPLC and TLC were used for the confirmation and quantification of extract. The TLC analysis showed the three bands denoted the presence of three curcuminoids. The UV-Vis spectral analysis specified the absorption peak at 425nm. The HPLC studies implied the existence of three peaks for sonicated extract. The interpretation of the observation emphasized that the yield of extraction was higher for sonication method than remaining other extraction methods under varying parameters. Hence sonication method was considered as optimized extraction method which was time saving and less energy consuming favorable extraction method. The emphasized characteristics of improved extraction methods including cost-effectiveness (due to much saving in time and energy consumption) and environmentally benign nature make them more favourable extraction methods.