Institutions, Elites, and Technological Change in France and Germany

1995 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Nicholas Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Technological Advance ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Telecommunications Network ◽  
Public Strategies ◽  
Over Time

Most comparative studies of public strategies for competitiveness focus on the links between public agencies and industrial sectors. This paper argues that the professions—or knowledge-bearing elites—that animate these organizational links are equally significant. For public policies to promote technological advance, the visions and self-images of knowledge-bearing elites are particularly important. By examining administrative and technical elites in France and Germany in the 1980s, the paper identifies characteristics that enable these elites to implement policy in some cases but not in others. France's “state-created” elites were well positioned to initiate and implement large technology projects, such as digitizing the telecommunications network. By contrast, Germany's state-recognized elites were better positioned to facilitate framework-oriented programs aimed at the diffusion of new technologies throughout industry. The linkages between administrative and technical elites also explain why French policymakers had difficulty adapting policy to changing circumstances over time, whereas German policymakers managed in many cases to learn more from previous policy experiences and to adapt subsequent initiatives accordingly.

scholarly journals A relação entre Estado e territórios estigmatizados no Rio de Janeiro

2019 ◽  
pp. 114-130
Author(s):  
André Almeida De Abreu
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relations Of Power ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

O presente artigo tem o intuito discutir a relação estabelecida entre o Estado e as favelas do Rio de Janeiro ao longo do tempo e até os dias atuais. Tomando como referência a territorialização de políticas públicas e a ação de instituições estatais e da sociedade civil, busca-se compreender de que forma a estigmatização do favelado e de seu território influencia as relações de poder construídas no contato entre agentes públicos e moradores de favela. O artigo consiste, metodologicamente, em uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, com base principalmente na literatura sobre o tema. Os resultados indicam que a estigmatização das favelas tem contaminado diversas políticas públicas formuladas para esses territórios, e que a falta de diálogo entre diferentes órgãos públicos envolvidos em tais políticas gera o que chamamos de atrofia burocrática, perdendo-se potencial de atuação da esfera pública.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Políticas Públicas, Favela, Territorialização. ABSTRACTThis article aims to discuss the relationship established between the State and the favelas of Rio de Janeiro over time and up to the present day. Taking as a reference the territorialization of public policies and the action of state institutions and civil society, it is sought to understand how the stigmatization of the favela and its territory influences the relations of power built in the contact between public agents and residents of favela. The article consists, methodologically, of a bibliographical and documentary research, based mainly on the literature on the subject. The results indicate that the stigmatization of favelas has contaminated several public policies formulated for these territories, and that the lack of dialogue between different public agencies involved in such policies generates what we call bureaucratic atrophy, losing the potential of the public sphere.KEYWORDS: Public Policies, Favela, Territorialization.

scholarly journals Mass Migration and Technological Change

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Andersson ◽  
Mounir Karadja ◽  
Erik Prawitz
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper studies the effect of emigration on technological change in sending locations after one of the largest migration events in human history, the mass migration from Europe to the United States in the 19th century. To establish causality, we adopt an instrumental variable strategy that combines local growing-season frost shocks with proximity to emigration ports. We document two sets of results. First, using novel data on technological patents, we find that emigration led to an increase in innovative activity in sending municipalities. Moreover, the increase in innovation is coupled with an increased adoption of new technologies in both the agricultural and industrial sectors. Second, in terms of local economic development, we find that emigration led to higher unskilled wages in agriculture, a shift towards employment in the nascent industrial sector, a larger presence of incorporated firms, as well as higher tax revenues.

Is technological change a devourer of jobs?

2017 ◽  
pp. 111-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kapeliushnikov
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Technological Unemployment ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Task Sets ◽  
The Impact

The paper provides a critical analysis of the idea of technological unemployment. The overview of the existing literature on the employment effects of technological change shows that on the micro-level there exists strong and positive relationship between innovations and employment growth in firms; on the sectoral level this correlation becomes ambiguous; on the macro-level the impact of new technologies seems to be positive or neutral. This implies that fears of explosive growth of technological unemployment in the foreseeable future are exaggerated. Our analysis further suggests that new technologies affect mostly the structure of employment rather than its level. Additionally we argue that automation and digitalisation would change mostly task sets within particular occupations rather than distribution of workers by occupations.

Technological Change in Turkish Manufacturing Industry: The Case of Gaziantep City

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Mehmet Ragıp KALELİOGLU
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Technological Transformation ◽  
Technological Infrastructure ◽  
Technological Level ◽  
Considerable Work ◽  
Key Indicators

:Ensuring competition in global economy, the production of high value products within the country and the reduction of current budget deficit; in other words, increasing the output of industries manufacturing intermediate goods and end products, which have high import dependency, are major targets of Turkey. The state of technological infrastructure of manufacturing industry in the country as well as the process of change that the industry undergoes are essential for the realization of these targets. New technologies play an important role in the competitiveness and economic development of cities, region and the country in the international market. In particular, the use of new technologies in manufacturing industry and companies’ capacity for innovation are prerequisites for businesses to enter a tougher competition in the global economy as well as for cities and countries to persevere on the larger scale. In this respect, the main purpose of this study is to examine the technological transformation of the manufacturing industry in Gaziantep, which is positioned in the top five among Turkey's exports and employs a considerable work force, in comparison to the technological change experienced by the manufacturing industry in Turkey. In the study, the technological level of manufacturing industry in Turkey and the technological change process of manufacturing industry in Gaziantep are presented between 2009-2016 with key indicators. The findings of this study reveal that the current level of technology the city of Gaziantep manufacturing industry has had is far behind the level Turkish manufacturing industry has reached.

Technological Change and the International System

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen V. Milner ◽  
Sondre Ulvund Solstad
Keyword(s):  
Technology Adoption ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
International System ◽  
New Technology ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Adoption Of Technology ◽  
Adoption Of New Technology

ABSTRACTDo world politics affect the adoption of new technology? States overwhelmingly rely on technology invented abroad, and their differential intensity of technology use accounts for many of their differences in economic development. Much of the literature on technology adoption focuses on domestic conditions. The authors argue instead that the structure of the international system is critical because it affects the level of competition among states, which in turn affects leaders’ willingness to enact policies that speed technology adoption. Countries adopt new technology as they seek to avoid being vulnerable to attack or coercion by other countries. By systematically examining states’ adoption of technology over the past two hundred years, the authors find that countries adopt new technologies faster when the international system is less concentrated, that changes in systemic concentration have a temporally causal effect on technology adoption, and that government policies to promote technology adoption are related to concerns about rising international competition. A competitive international system is an important incentive for technological change and may underlie global technology waves.

Regulating Religious Broadcasting

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 287-304
Author(s):  
Ian Leigh
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Technological Advance ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Religious Expression ◽  
Satellite Broadcasting ◽  
Religious Broadcasting ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
A Minor ◽  
And Control

The broadcasting world is currently undergoing a revolution. The new technologies of cable and, more importantly, satellite broadcasting have brought within reach an enormous potential expansion and diversity in broadcasting. The Broadcasting Act 1990 is the government's response to the challenge, creating a mostly new regulatory framework. Alongside technological advance there has been a growing concern with regulating programme quality, as the creation of the Broadcasting Standards Commission (placed by Pt. V of the Act on a statutory footing) bears witness. A minor, but not insignificant, place in these cross-currents of ferment is occupied by religious broadcasting. This article seeks to place the controls and duties relating to religious broadcasting under the new regime within the context of its history in the UK and to consider the extent to which the new legal and administrative controls achieve an acceptable balance between religious expression and control of standards.

scholarly journals Evaluating Disruptive Innovation Project Management Capabilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mikel Zubizarreta ◽  
Jaione Ganzarain ◽  
Jesús Cuadrado ◽  
Rafael Lizarralde
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Disruptive Innovation ◽  
Management Model ◽  
Business Sustainability ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Innovation Project ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Management Capabilities

Firms must adapt to a business environment in constant flux. Economic and political factors and the constant interruption of new technologies force firms and organizations to change and to adapt, so that they are not left behind. Over recent years, the development of disruptive innovations has completely revolutionized past scenarios. These innovations break with what is already established and firms from various sectors face no choice other than to incorporate them into their project management portfolios, so as to ensure survival and business sustainability. Using MIVES methodology as its foundation, a business sustainability management model is presented in this paper for the management of disruptive innovation projects that a firm may wish to develop within a given sector. The management model is designed to facilitate disruptive innovation project management for firms within technological-industrial sectors, by assessing the sustainability of the project. The model is applied to two firms, one from the machine-tooling sector and another from the construction sector. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed, the results of which verified the validity and the stability of the proposed model.

Biomimetics - A Hint of Future Technologies in Nature

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Botagoz Kulzhanova ◽  
Diana Ongdassynkyzy ◽  
Kuralay Ongdassynova ◽  
Aidar Duisenbay ◽  
Talgat Chaimerden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Future Technologies ◽  
Over Time

The article discusses the features of biomimetics as a science that allows to suggest technologies for creating new technologies. Strange to relate, the man is a being completely unadapted to life. At the same time, man made a lot of discoveries precisely thanks to the observation of animals — from primitive tools based on the teeth of other animals to the first flying machines. Over time, the human civilization has defined a whole direction in science, which explores mechanisms in nature in order to use them for the benefit of man. With the help of biomimetics (from the Latin "bios" - life and "mimesis" - imitation), many problems from medicine, architecture, transport and energy were solved.

Intergenerational hybrid products in periods of discontinuous change

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilian Gatti Junior ◽  
Alceu Salles Camargo Junior ◽  
Paul Varella
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Discontinuous Change ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Hybrid Products ◽  
Organizational Inertia

PurposeThis study examines the role of hybrid products employed in companies' innovation strategy within three American industrial sectors: tires, typewriters and photography cameras.Design/methodology/approachThe authors selected historical cases that enabled us to present the role of hybrid products in periods of discontinuous change. Different sources are employed in this study: papers, books, cases, working papers, videos, manuals and product catalogues, companies' annual reports, company websites, advertising, collectors' websites and museums, in addition to press and other media reports.FindingsThe authors’ historical case analysis points to two forms of hybrid products. (1) Exploitation-hybrid, which incorporates significant elements from the existing dominant design and aims at extending the revenue-generating opportunities of the existing products. (2) Exploration-hybrid, which works as an offensive strategy, as the firm uses the exploration-hybrid to promote a gradual and controlled adoption of new technology by reducing risks and the cost of change for the customer.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors’ proposed definitions strengthen the idea that hybrids are not only a reflection of organizational inertia (exploitation-hybrid). Hybrids can also mean a more proactive stance in the strategy of developing and adopting new technology (exploration-hybrid).Originality/valueThis study acknowledged hybrid products as a learning instrument that materialized the organizational ambidexterity, favoring at the same time exploitation, generally attributed to organizational inertia, and the exploration of new segments of customers or the use of new technologies.

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