‘New’ Scottish Gaelic speakers in Glasgow: A phonetic study of language revitalisation

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Nance

AbstractThis article analyses phonetic variation among young people who have learned a minority language in immersion schooling as part of revitalisation measures. Such speakers are increasingly referred to as ‘new speakers’ in an expanding body of literature. The variable phonetic features analysed are vowels, laterals, and intonation in the speech of new Gaelic speakers from Glasgow and the Isle of Lewis. Results support previous work suggesting that new speakers will sound different from ‘traditional speakers’. These results are discussed in terms of language contact, modes of acquisition in revitalisation situations, and the differing perceptions and ideologies surrounding how new speakers use Gaelic. The data also necessitate an examination of some of the assumptions in sociolinguistic models of change and their applicability to contexts of rapid social evolution. (New speakers, language revitalisation, minority languages, Scottish Gaelic, laterals, vowels, intonation)*

Journalism ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 146488492095403
Author(s):  
Iñaki Zabaleta ◽  
Nikolas Xamardo

This article investigates the economy of monolingual media systems in nine European minority language communities during 2009–2015, a period of strong economic crisis and accelerated digitalization. The main areas of study are three: The economic volume or weight of those media systems and its variation between 2009 and 2015; the current funding structure of the four media types (press, radio, TV and cybermedia); and the qualitative evaluation of media editors and managers on the effect of those two crises as well as the significance of the public aid. The nine European minority languages are Basque, Welsh, Galician, Irish, Breton, Frisian, Sámi, Corsican and Scottish-Gaelic. As for the findings, it can be highlighted that the economic volume or revenue of European minority language media is close to five hundred million euros per year, of which over ninety per cent is public funding, mostly devoted to broadcasting media. The conclusion set forth is that public funding should not be framed as aid but as a social, cultural and economic investment.


2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-588
Author(s):  
Viktoriya L. Zavyalova

One key aspect of Englishes in the Kachruvian Expanding Circle concerns phonetic features as they commonly bear traits of speakers native languages. This article explores language contact phenomena that are likely to cause L1L2 phonological transfer, which underlies the phonetic specificity of English in East Asia. Drawing on the general theory of loan phonology, the author treats phonographic adaptation of English loanwords in East Asian languages compared to Russian, as a reliable source of data that supports research on the nature of phonetic variation in Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Russian Englishes. The data were obtained through comparative analysis of English loanwords (200 for each language) selected from dictionary sources and speech samples from the Russian-Asian Corpus of English which was collected in earlier research. The findings confirm typological correlation of phonological transfer in loanword phonographic adaptation and in foreign language phonology. In both linguistic contexts, a crucial role is played by syllabic constraints, because being the fundamental unit of any phonological system, a syllable serves a domain of its segmental and suprasegmental features. Consequently, various resyllabification phenomena occur in English borrowings in the languages of East Asia whose phonological typology is distant from that of English; as a demonstration of this same conflict, the syllabic and, hence, rhythmic organization of East Asian Englishes tends to exhibit similar code-copying variation. The greater typological proximity of English and Russian syllable regulations leads to fewer manifestations of syllabic and rhythmic restructuring in both loanword adaptations and English spoken by native speakers of Russian.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Stuart S. Dunmore

Abstract The notion of the ‘new speaker’, and its salience particularly in relation to minority language sociolinguistics, has become increasingly prevalent in the last decade. The term refers to individuals who have acquired an additional language to high levels of oracy and make frequent use of it in the course of their lives. Language advocates in both Scotland and Nova Scotia emphasise the crucial role of new speakers in maintaining Gaelic on both sides of the Atlantic. As a result, Gaelic language teaching has been prioritised by policymakers as a mechanism for revitalising the language in both polities. This article examines reflexes of this policy in each country, contrasting the ongoing fragility of Gaelic communities with new speaker discourses around heritage, identity, and language learning motivations. Crucially, I argue that challenging sociodemographic circumstances in Gaelic communities in Scotland and Nova Scotia contrast with current policy discourses, and with new speaker motivations for acquiring higher levels of Gaelic oracy in North America.


1984 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Nelde

SUMMARY German Minorities and Their Language in Europe Research in contact-linguistics in the last few years has particularly focused on a language that has always been prone to contact with others, namely, German. For this reason, the German language deserves special attention in the study of language-contact phenomena. Not only does it serve as a language of communication between East and West—a large amount of literature has already been produced on the important role it plays in Central Europe—but it also illustrates the many different aspects of a minority language, particularly in language-border areas. This paper gives a general survey of the present situation of German, whose "functional" position in relation to the most important rival languages represents a central point of discussion. The German minority groups in Europe are then briefly analyzed in order to demonstrate the importance of extra-linguistic factors such as the effects of the most recent political movements on language maintenance and shift. With reference to internal linguistic changes from all grammatical aspects, particular details of German as a minority language are then discussed. These may be considered as linguistic universals since they are normally valid for the whole Romance-Germanic linguistic border area of Europe with its frequently opposing norm concepts. For the first time, the meaning of auxiliary languages and "natiocisms"—Belgicisms, Italianisms, Netherlandicisms, and so forth (linguistic innovations valid for particular states independent of the language variant in question)—is studied in relation to German in Belgium. Finally, an attempt is made to minimize the discrepancy between the fact that German, on the one hand, represents one of the most significant minority languages in Europe and, on the other, has so far not been studied sufficiently, so that the prerequisites for a focal point of research on "German as a Minority Language" may be formulated within the framework of contact-linguistics. RESUMO La germanaj malplimultoj kaj ilia lingvo en Europo La kontaktlingvistika esplorado dum la lastaj jaroj aparte koncentrigis pri lingvo, kiu tendencis kontaktiĝi kun aliaj lingvoj—la germana. Do, la germana meritas apartan atenton dum la studado de lingvokontaktaj fenomenoj. Gi servas ne nur kiel pontlingvo inter Oriento kaj Okcidento—oni jam multe verkis pri ĝia grava rolo en Centra Eůropo —sed ĝi ankaü bildigas la multajn aspektojn de minoritata lingvo, aparte en lingvolimaj zonoj. La nuna referajo generale trarigardas la nunan situacion de la germana, kies "funk-cia" pozicio rilate al la plej gravaj konkurencaj lingvoj konsistigas centran diskutpunkton. Sekve oni mallonge analizas la germanajn minoritatajn grupojn de Europo, por mon-tri la gravecon de eksterlingvaj elementoj, kiel ekzemple la efiko de la plej lastatempaj politikaj movadoj, pri la reteno au la intersanĝo de lingvo. Rilate al internaj lingvaj sanĝiĝoj el ciuj gramatikaj aspektoj, oni sekve diskutas apartajn detalojn de la germana kiel minoritata lingvo. Eblas konsideri ilin kiel universalajoj de la lingvo, car ili kutime validas en la tuta lingvolima zono latinida-ĝerm ana de Europo, kun ties ofte konfront-antaj normkonceptoj. Oni unuafoje pristudas la signifon de helplingvoj kaj de naciismoj —t.e. belgismoj, italismoj, nederlandismoj ktp. (t. e: lingvaj novigoj, kiuj validas en aparta stato, senrilate al la koncerna lingvoformo)—rilate al la germana en Belgio. Oni fine klopodas minimumigi la misrilaton inter la fakto, ke la germana, unuflanke, estas unu el la plej gravaj minoritataj lingvoj en Eùropo, dum aliflanke, oni nesufice priesploris gin. Tiel, ni provas starigi la antaůkondicojn de fokuso de esploro pri "la germana kiel minoritata lingvo" ene de la ramo de la kontaktlingvistiko.


2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart S. Dunmore

Abstract The concept of the ‘new speaker’ has gained currency in the sociolinguistics of minority languages in the past decade, referring to individuals who have acquired an additional language outside of the home and who make frequent use of it in the course of their daily lives. Policymakers and language advocates in both Scotland and Canada make frequent reference to the role that new speakers may play in the future of the Gaelic language on both sides of the Atlantic, and Gaelic language teaching of various kinds has been prioritised by policymakers as a mechanism for revitalising the language. This article examines reflexes of this policy in the two countries, juxtaposing the ongoing fragility of Gaelic communities with new speaker discourses around heritage, identity, and language learning motivations. In particular, I consider Nova Scotian new speakers’ sense of identity as ‘Gaels’, an ethnonym largely avoided or problematised by Scottish new speakers. (Ethnolinguistic identity, heritage, language revitalisation, new speakers)*


2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (231) ◽  
pp. 127-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Costa

Abstract This article looks at the “new speaker” concept and the questions it raises in terms of legitimacy from the point of view of several types of social actors, namely language advocates, academics and school pupils (that is to say, “new speakers” themselves). The aim of this article is to show that this notion is not a purely descriptive one, but also carries a strong prescriptive loading – which in turns requires that minority language learners negotiate their participation in linguistic markets. Based on fieldwork in Provence, I look at how “new speakers” are often construed as speakers of “new languages”, “standard” or “artificial” languages that tend to index youth, urbanity, modernity and middle class membership – all qualities which may be seen as undesirable in parts of minority language movements. I then turn to pupils of an Occitan bilingual primary school in Provence and analyse how they reframe the new speaker debate in order for themselves to fit in the broader picture of Occitan speakers. All the viewpoints I analyse tend to emphasise the weight that the traditional, monolingual speaker still holds among speakers of minority languages in southern France.


2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillem Belmar ◽  
Cindy van Boven ◽  
Sara Pinho

Summary This study focuses on the motivation of adults learning a minority language, based on a tripartite model: integrative and instrumental (Gardner & Lambert, 1959; 1972) and personal (see Benson, 1991) motivation. Adults learning a minority language are potential new speakers, a group that has been described as central to language revitalisation (see Pujolar & O’Rourke, 2018). Since the motivation to learn these languages does not seem to be linked to economic success or wider job opportunities, researchers have taken interest in knowing what drives people to learn a minority language (e.g., O’Rourke & DePalma, 2016). In this study, (potential) new speaker motivations were investigated by means of ten open-ended interviews with adult learners of West Frisian—a minority language spoken in the Netherlands—in two different settings: Afûk Frisian courses (a more traditional learning setting) and Bernlef Frisian courses (a student association that offers informal courses for their members). The results show a predominance of integrative and personal motivation (also found in O’Rourke & DePalma, 2016), but not exclusively (as suggested by Jaffe, 2015) since the language appears to be tightly linked to the province and it is deemed beneficial—to a certain extent—for socioeconomic success in the province.


2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette O'Rourke ◽  
Fernando Ramallo

AbstractWhile in many indigenous minority-language situations traditional native speaker communities are in decline, new speakers are emerging in the context of revitalization policies. Such policies, however, can have unforeseen consequences and lead to tensions between newcomers and existing speakers over questions of ownership, legitimacy, and authenticity. This article examines these tensions in the case of Galician in northwestern Spain, where “new speakers” have emerged in the context of revitalization policies since the 1980s. The subsequent spread of the language outside traditional Galician strongholds and into what were predominantly Spanish spaces complicates the traditional ideology about sociolinguistic authenticity and ownership and raises questions about who are the legitimate speakers of Galician, who has authority, and the potential tensions that such questions generate. To illustrate the tensions and paradoxes thatnewandnativespeakers face in this postrevitalization context, we draw on three discussion groups consisting of sixteen young Galicians. (New speakers, authority, authenticity, minority languages, Galician)*


2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guro Nore Fløgstad

Norsk romani og andre nasjonale minoritetsspråk representerer en historisk norsk flerspråklighet, en form for flerspråklighet som er mindre synlig i norsk offentlighet og i norske lærerutdanninger enn annen simultan bruk av flere språk. I denne artikkelen tar jeg for meg hva vi vet om norsk romani i dag, gjennom en omfattende metastudie, ispedd observasjoner fra eget feltarbeid. Videre analyserer jeg disse observasjonene i et bruksbasert lys. Bruksbasert og annen kognitiv teori er gjerne bakteppet i profesjonsorienterte tilnærminger til språk og skole i Norge i dag, men en eksplisitt bruk av det som postuleres i denne teorien er ikke vanlig, til tross for at denne teorien har svært gode verktøy for å møte et vell av ulike former for flerspråklighet. Jeg diskuterer hvordan læreren kan benytte seg av disse innsiktene i møtet med flerspråklige elever med varierende språklig kompetanse, slik som talere av norsk romani. Nøkkelord: Romani, nasjonale minoritetsspråk, bruksbasert teori, lærerutdanning “A language as any other”. On Norwegian Romani in society and education. AbstractNorwegian Romani and other national minority languages represent the historical Norwegian multilingualism, a form of multilingualism that is less visible in contemporary Norway than the one represented by speakers of new immigrant languages. In this article, I discuss the current state of Norwegian Romani, through a metastudy of current research, combined with observations from many years of contact with the community. Furthermore, I discuss these observations in the light of usage-based theory. Usage-based and other cognitive theories form the basis of most approaches to professional linguistic practice in Norway, but seldom explicitly use it in their approach to language contact. I discuss how the teacher can use these insights in her approach to speakers with variable competence in the minority language, such as speakers of Norwegian Romani. Keywords: Romani, national minority languages, usage-based theory, teacher education


2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-127
Author(s):  
Rossella Maraffino

Abstract In this paper, I will deal with the diffusion pattern of the progressive periphrases (PROGPER) attested in the minority languages that are present in the areas of Swiss Grisons, Trentino-Alto Adige and Friulian Carnia. I will individualize on the one hand the vectors of diffusion between the standard languages and the minority varieties; on the other hand, I will explain the mechanism of adaptation or re-elaboration of the borrowed structure in the replica language. Finally, I will pinpoint which of this structure replication seems to be the result of an internal development witnessed in the Alpine area.


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